Uabove Law Fahrul Hakim2003

• 802.
1 internetworking
• 802.2 LLC
• 802.3 Ethernet/CSMA/CD
• 802.4 token bus
• 802.5 token ring
• 802.6 DQDB used in SMDS for MAN
• 802.7 Broadband LAN
• 802.8 technical advisory group on fiber optics/FDDI
• 802.9 Integrated services Local Area Network
• 802.10 Interoperable LAN/MAN security (SILS)
uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

• WIRELESS LAN WLAN
• 802.11

INTRO
• Wireless LAN tech is rapidly becoming crucial component
of computer networks and is growing by leaps and bound.
Thanks to the finalization of the IEEE 802.11 wireless
LAN standard, wireless technology has emerged from the
world of proprietary implementations to become an open
solution for providing mobility as well as essential
network services where wire line installations proved
impractical. The inclusion of the newer IEEE 802.1la and
802.11b versions of the standard offers a firm basis for
high-performance wireless LANs. Now companies and
organizations are investing in wireless networks at a higher
rate to take advantage of mobile, real-time access to
information.
• Most wireless LAN suppliers now have 802.11 –compliant
products, allowing companies to realize wireless network
applications based on open systems. The move toward
802.11 standardization is lowering prices and enabling
multi-vendor wireless LANs to interoperate. This is
making the implementation of wireless networks more
feasible than before, creating vast business oppurtinities
for system implementation companies and consultants.
However, many end user companies and system
integrators have limited knowledge and experience in
developing and implementing wireless network systems.
In many cases, there is also confusion over the capability
and effectiveness of the 802.11 standard.

• The implementation of wireless networks is much different
than that of traditional wired networks. In contrast to
Ethernet, a wireless LAN has a large number of setup
parameters that affect the performance and interoperability
of the network. An engineer designing the network and the
person installing the network must understand these
parameters and how they affect the network.

WLANs benefit what? Why?
• Mobility
• Installation in difficult-to-wire areas
• Increased reliability
• Reduced installation time
• Long term cost savings

WLANs benefit: mobility
• Easy to move physically while using an appliance,
such as a handheld PC or data collector pda.
• Many jobs require workers to be mobile, such as
inventory clerks, healthcare workers, policemen,
and emergency care specialist.
• Mobility result to mobile application
• Mobile applications requiring wireless networking
include those that depend on real-time access to
data – usually stored in centralized databases

• Mobility result to mobile application
• Mobile applications requiring wireless networking
include those that depend on real-time access to
data – usually stored in centralized databases
• E.g. in retail store – for accurate and efficient price
markdowns, ppl use wireless networks to interconnect
handheld bar code scanners and printers to data bases
having current price information.
• Another e.g. – formula 1 and indy race cars have
sophisticated data acquisition sytems that monitor the
various onboard system in the car. When the cars come
around the track and pass their respective teams in the pit,
this information is downloaded to a central computer,
thereby enabling real-time analysis of the performance of
the racecar.
WLAN benefit: Installation in difficult-to-wire areas
• The implementation of wireless networks offers many

tangible cost savings when performing installations in
difficult to wire areas.
• E.g. two building that separate by river/road/railroad track
(fig 1.2). A wireless soln may be much more economical
than installing physical cable or leasing communications
circuits, such as T1 service or 56kbps lines.
• To apply wireless connection in this situation may be cost
a lot of money. But it will benefit in the long run. (long
term investment)

Building A Building B
River, road or
Railroad tracks
Wireless link
Fig. 1.2 wireless networks make it cost effective to provide
network
uAbove Law Connectivity in situations that are difficult to wire
fahrul hakim2003
• Another good reason to apply wireless soln is due to health
risk when the workers try to install network cabling in
some building area which contain asbestos particles.
• Some org remove the asbestos first, making it safe to
install cabling. This process is very expensive. It is better
to spend money on setting up wireless networking rather
than wasting money to remove the asbestos.
• Wireless n/w to preserve historical sites
• In some cases, it might be impossible to install cabling.
Some municipalities, for e.g. may restrict us from
permanently modifying older facilities with historical
value. This could limit the drilling of holes in walls during
the installation of n/w cabling and outlets. In that situation,
a wireless network might be the only soln.

WLAN benefit: Increased Reliability
• A problem inherent to wired network is downtime due to
cable faults. E.g. moisture erodes metallic conductors via
water intrusion during storms and accidental spillage or
leakage of liquids.
• With wired networks, a user might accidentally break his
network connector when trying to disconnect his PC from
the network to move it to a different location.
• Imperfect cable join can cause signal reflections that result
in unexplainable errors. The accidental cutting of cables
can bring down a network immediately.
• An advantage of wireless networking, therefore, results
from the use of less cable. This reduces the downtime of
the network and the costs related with replacing cables.

WLAN benefit: reduced installation time
• The deployment of wireless network greatly reduces the
need for cable installation, making the network available
for use much sooner.
• But the isntallation of cabling is often a time-consuming
activity. For LAN, installer must pull twisted-pair wires or
optical fiber above the ceiling and drop cables through
walls to network outlets that they must affix to the wall.
These task can take days or weeks depending on the size of
the installation.
• What about to install optical fiber which involve digging
trenches… it is messy task task that could take weeks or
possibly months to finish it.

WLAN applications
• Retail
• Warehousing
• Healthcare
• Hospitality
• Home and small office
• General enterprise systems
• Wireless services
All student pls visit this site: www.wireless-nets.com/cases.htm
This site includes a collection of wireless network paper, case studies
And breaking news about wireless network mostly about WLAN.
Wireless LAN technology
• There are Several WLAN specifications and
standards that we can choose from when
developing WLAN products or integrating WLAN
solutions into corporate systems. For e.g.
HiperLAN, HomeRF SWAP, and Bluetooth,
• The emphasis of this lecture is on IEEE 802.11
compliant wireless LANs because 802.11 is
expected to continue being the preferred standard
for supporting WLANs applications.
• Other technologies may become stronger
competitors to 802.11 in the future.
HiperLAN
• Began in Europe somewhere in 1996 by European
Telecommuniations Standards Institute (ETSI)
• Began with hiperLAN/1, old version, operates in the 5GHz
radio band at up to 24MBps.
• Similar to ethernet, HiperLAN/1 shares access to the
WLAN among end user devices via a connectionless
protocol. HiperLAN/1 also provides quality of services
(QoS) support for various needs of data, video, voice and
images.
• ETSI is currently improving HiperLAN/2 under an
organization called the HiperLAN/2 Global Forum
(H2GF).
• HiperLAN/2 will operate in the 5GHz band at up to
54Mbps using a connection-oriented protocol for sharing
access among end user devices.
• HiperLAN/2 will include QoS support and be
capable of carrying ethernet frames, ATM cells
and IP packet.
• Refer to HiperLAN/2 Global forum web site at
• http://www.hiperlan2.com
• For additional details on the HiperLAN/2
Specification.
• Compare to japanese version hiperLAN/2 called
HisWANa.

HomeRF SWAP
• In march 1998, the homeRF Working Group
(HRFWG) announced its existence and set out to
provide an open industry specifiaction, Shared
wireless access protocol (SWAP), for wireless
digital communication between PCs and consumer
electronic devices within the home.
• The SWAP specification defines a common
wireless interface supporting voice and data at
1MBps and 2MBps data rates using frequency
hopping spread spectrum modulation in the
2.4Ghz frequency band.
• HRFWG is currently developing a 10Mbps
version of SWAP based on recent Federal
Communication Commision (FCC)
approval for wider bandwidth for frequency
hopping systems.
• Refer HomeRF website for more details
• http://www.homerf.org

Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is a specification published by the
bluetooth special interest group (SIG), with
some big promoters including 3COM,
ericsson, IBM, Intel, Lucent, Microsoft,
Motorola and etc.
• Bluetooth isn’t wireless a WLAN. Instead,
it is a wireless personal area network
(PAN), which is a subset of a WLAN.
• Bluetooth operates at 1Mbps, with relatively low
power over short ranges using frequency hopping
spread spectrum in the 2.4Ghz frequency band.
Refer to bluetooth.com for more details.
IEEE 802.11
• Somewhere in 1997, IEEE finalized the initial standard for
wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11. This standard specifies a
2.4Ghz operating frequency with data rates of 1 and 2
Mbps. The initial 802.11 standard defines two forms of
spread spectrum modulation: frequency hopping (802.11
FHSS) and direct sequence (802.11 DSSS).
• In late 1999, the IEEE published two supplements to the
802.11 standard. 802.11a and 802.11b.

802.11a
• The 802.11a standard defines operation at up to
54Mbps using orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) modulation in the roomy
5Ghz frequency band.
• The 802.11a standard has a wide variety of high-
speed data rates available: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48
and 54Mbps.
• It is mandatory for all products to have 6Mbps,
12Mbps, and 24Mbps rates. Products
implementing the 802.11a standard should begin
appearing on the market in the late 2001.
802.11b
• (commonly known as “Wi-Fi*”) describes the wireless
networking standard for WLANs that operate in the 2.4
GHz radio band (ISM frequency band). 902Mz-5.85Ghz
• 802.11b-based WLANs are far more common than
802.11a or 802.11g networks and can achieve a maximum
data rate of 11 Mbps per second at distances up to
approximately 300 feet.
• 802.11 b was the first WLAN technology offered to
consumers and enabled the creation of instant wireless
networks in offices and homes.
• Devices certified by Wi-Fi Alliance bear the official Wi-Fi
logo. Most wireless LANs implemented today comply
with the 802.11b version of the standard.
802.11g
• IEEE 802.11g is a new standard, describing a
wireless networking method for WLANs that
operates in the 2.4 radio band (ISM frequency
band). Industrial-Scientific-Medical
• using OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) technology 802.11g-based WLANs
can achieve a maximum speed of 54 Mbps.
• 802.11g-compliant equipment, such as wireless
access points, can provide simultaneous WLAN
connectivity for both 802.11g and 802.11b
equipment.

Terms widely used in WLAN
• Spread spectrum
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)

Spread Spectrum Technology
• Most wireless LAN systems use spread-spectrum technology,
a wideband radio frequency technique developed by the
military for use in reliable, secure, mission-critical
communications systems.
• Spread-spectrum is designed to trade off bandwidth efficiency
for reliability, integrity, and security.
• In other words, more bandwidth is consumed than in the case
of narrowband transmission, but the tradeoff produces a
signal that is, in effect, louder and thus easier detect, provided
that the receiver knows the parameters the spread-spectrum
signal being broadcast.
• If a receiver not tuned to the right frequency, a spread-
spectrum signal looks like background noise. There are two
types of spread spectrum radio:
• frequency hopping and direct sequence.
Frequency-hopping Spread-Spectrum
(FHSS)
• Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) uses

a narrowband carrier that changes frequency in a
pattern known to both transmitter and receiver.
• Properly synchronized, the net effect is to
maintain a single logical channel.
• To an unintended receiver, FHSS appears to be
short-duration impulse noise.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
• Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) generates a redundant
bit pattern for each bit to be transmitted. This bit pattern is called
a chip (or chipping code).
• The longer the chip, the greater the probability that the original
data can be recovered (and, of course, the more bandwidth
required).
• Even if one or more bits in the chip are damaged during
transmission statistical techniques embedded in the radio can
recover the original data without the need for retransmission.
• To an unintended receiver, DSSS appears as low-power
wideband noise and is rejected (ignored) by most narrowband
receivers.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a
method that allows to transmit high data rates over extremely
hostile channels at a comparable low complexity.
• OFDM has been chosen as the transmission method for the
European radio (DAB) and TV (DVB-T) standard. Due to its
numerous advantages it is under Discussion for future broadband
application such as wireless ATM as well.

• Orthogonal FDM's (OFDM) spread spectrum technique
distributes the data over a large number of carriers that are
spaced apart at precise frequencies. This spacing provides
the "orthogonality" in this technique which prevents the
demodulators from seeing frequencies other than their
own. The benefits of OFDM are high spectral efficiency,
resiliency to RF interference, and lower multi-path
distortion. This is useful because in a typical terrestrial
broadcasting scenario there are multipath-channels (i.e. the
transmitted signal arrives at the receiver using various
paths of different length). Since multiple versions of the
signal interfere with each other (inter symbol interference
(ISI)) it becomes very hard to extract the original
information.
• OFDM in detail you can get at:
• www.iss.rwth-aachen.de/Projekte/Theo/OFDM/www_ofdm.html
• http://www.wave-report.com/tutorials/OFDM.htm

Other technology: Infrared Technology
• Commonly used but still not popular. I don’t know why.
• Maybe because little used in commercial wireless LANs,
• Infrared (IR) systems use very high frequencies, just below
visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum, to carry data.
• Like light, IR cannot penetrate opaque objects;
• is either directed (line-of-sight) or diffuse technology.
• Inexpensive directed systems provide very limited range (3
• ft) and typically are used for personal area networks but
occasionally are used in specific wireless LAN applications.
• High performance directed IR is impractical for mobile
• users and is therefore used only to implement fixed subnetworks.
• Diffuse (or reflective) IR wireless LAN systems do
• not require line-of-sight, but cells are limited to individual
• rooms. Developed by http://www.irda.org/
Wireless LAN implications
• Project managers and design engineer should be
aware, the following potential problems from the
implementation and use of wireless networking:
• Multipath propagation
• Path loss
• Radio signal interference
• Battery longevity
• System interoperability
• Network security
• Connection problems
• Installation issues
• Health risk
Multipath propagation
• As fig 1.3 illustrates, transmitted signals can combine
with reflected ones to corrupt the signal detected by the
receiver.
• This is known as multipath propagation. Delay spread
is the amount of delay experienced by the reflected
signals compared to the primary signal. As delay
spread increases, the signal at the receiver becomes
more distorted and possibly undetectable even when
the transmitter and receiver are within close range.

Fig 1.3: multipath propagation decreases the quality of the signal at the receiver
Office furniter
WLAN transmitter Wlan receiver
Office wall

• Multipath propagation can be a significant
problem, especially with indoor applications.
• Often furniture, walls, and machinery are
obstacles that can redirect parts of the transmitted
signal.
• WLAN manufacturers compensate for the effects
of multipath propagation by using special
processing techniques.
• As e.g., equalization and antenna diversity are
methods for reducing the number of problems
arising from multipath propagation.

Path loss
• Path loss between the transmitter and receiver is a key
consideration when designing a wireless LAN soln.
• Expected levels of path loss, based on the range between
the transmitter and receiver, provide valuable info when
determining requirements for transmit power levels,
receiver sensitivity, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
• Actual path loss depends on the transmit frequency, and it
grows exponentially as the distance increases between the
transmitter and receiver.
• With typical indoor applications, the path loss increases
approx 20dB every receiver.

Radio Signal Interference
• The process of transmitting and receiving radio and laser
signals through the air makes wireless systems vulnerable
to atmospheric noise and transmission from other systems.
• In addition, wireless networks can interfere with other
nearby wireless networks and radio wave equipment.
• Radio-based LAN can experience inward interference
from the harmonics of transmission systems or other
products using similar radio frequencies in the LAN.
• E.g. microwave ovens operate in the S band (2.4GHz) that
many WLAN use to transmit and receive. These signals
result in delays to the user by either blocking transmission
from stations on the LAN or causing bit errors to occur in
data being sent. These types of interference can limit the
areas in which you can deploy a wireless network.
Techniques for reducing interference
• When dealing with interference, we should coordinate the
operation of radio-based wireless network products with
our company’s frequency mgt organization, if one exists.
• Govt org and most hospitals generally have ppl who
manage the use of transmitting devices. This coordination
will avoid potential interference problems.
• For. E.g. the military does not follow the same frequency
allocations is issued by the FCC. (FCC deals with
commercial sector and the military has its own frequency
mgt process.)

Network Security
• The functionality of a wireless network corresponds to the
lowest levels of the network architecture and does not
include other functions, such as end-to-end connection
establishment or login services that higher layers satisfy.
• Therefore, the only security issues relevant to wireless
networks are those dealing with these lower architectural
layers, such as data encryption.

Security threats
• The main security issue with wireless networks, is that
they intentionally propagate data over an area that may
exceed the limits of the area the organization physically
controls.
• For instance, radio waves easily penetrate building walls
and are receivable from the facility’s parking lot and
possibly a few blocks away. Someone can passively
retrieve your company’s sensitive info by using the same
wireless NIC from this distance without being noticed by
network security personnel (see fig 1.5).
• This requires, though, that the intruder obtain the network
access code necessary to join the network.

Fig 1.5: the passive reception of wireless network data is much easier than with wired network
Passive reception by another business

Building B
Building A
uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003 Passive reception on public Public road

access
How to overcome it?: security safeguard
• Wirelessnetwork vendors solve most
security problems by restricting access to
the data .
• Most products require us to establish a
network access code and set the code within
each workstation. A wireless station will
not process the data unless its code is set to
the same number as the network.
• Some vendors also offer encryption as an
option.
Application connectivity problems
• The use of traditional wire-base protocols over wireless networks
introduces problems with maintaining connections between the user’s
appliance and the application residing on a server.
• TCP/IP for e.g. provides very reliable connections over wired
networks such as ethernet and token ring. Over wireless network,
however, TCP/IP is susceptible to losing connection, especially when
the appliance is operating in an area with marginal wireless network
coverage.
• A solution to this problem is to use wireless middleware software,
which provides intermediate communications between the end user
devices and the application software located on a host or server. The
middleware enables highly efficient and reliable communications over
the wireless network, while maintaining appropriate connections to
application software and database on the server/host via the more
reliable wired LAN.

• The mobile nature of wireless networks can offer
addressing problems as well. Most networks require the IP
address loaded in the user’s appliance to be within a
specific address range to maintain proper connections with
applications.
• When a user roams from one IP subnet to another with a
wireless appliance, the appliance and the application may
lose the capability to connect with each others.
• As a result, implementers should consider the use of
MobileIP as a means of maintaining connectivity while
traversing different IP domains.

Installation issues
• With wired networks, planning the installation of
cabling is fairly straightforward. When it is
properly connected, the transmission is always
there. (functioning at its best)
• A radio-based wireless LAN installation is not as
predictable. It is difficult if not impossible to
design the wireless system by merely inspecting
the facility.
• Predicting the way in which the contour of the
building will affect the propagation of radio waves
is difficult.

• Omni-directional antennas propagate radio radio waves in all
direction if nothing gets in the way.
• Walls, ceilings, and other obstacle attenuate the signals more
in one direction than the other and even cause some waves to
change their paths of transmission. Even the opening of a
bathroom door can change the propagation pattern. These
event cause the actual radiation pattern to distort, taking on a
jagged appearance.
• To avoid installation problems, an organization should
perform propagation tests to assess the coverage of the
network. Neglecting to do so may leave some users outside
of the propagation area of wireless servers and access point.
• Propagation tests give us the info necessary to plan wired
connections between access points allowing coverage over
applicable areas.

Uabove Law Fahrul Hakim2003

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Uabove Law Fahrul Hakim2003

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

• 802.

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

• The implementation of wireless networks offers many

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

• Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) uses

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

WLAN transmitter Wlan receiver

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

Passive reception by another business

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003 Passive reception on public Public road

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

uAbove Law fahrul hakim2003

You might also like