Base Oils For Lubricants Manufacture & Classification

Base Oil for
Lubricants
- Manufacture & classification
Hussam Adeni
What are Lubricants
• Lubricants
• Special materials to
•Reduce friction
•Reduce wear
• In machine elements
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
What are lubricants
• Lubricants come in a variety of

forms
• Liquids – fluids
• Semi solids - grease
• Even solid, at times - graphite
What are lubricants
• Lubricants are
• Mineral Oils
• Vegetable oils
• Synthetic
What are Lubricants
• Lubricant comprise of
• Base oil or carrier fluid
• Specially formulated
additives
Flow chart – Lube
manufacture
What are lubricants
Finished lubricants
- a careful blend of
• Base Oils
• And additives
Base Oil manufacture
Overview of the process

• A series of steps
• To improve desirable lube properties
• Viscosity Index
• Oxidation
• Heat resistance
• Low temperature fluidity
Base oil manufacture
Starting with crude oil, typical process

of making lube oil consists of
•Separation
•Removal
•Distillation
•Dewaxing
•Finishing
Base oil manufacture
• Crude oil distillation

- First the lighter ends removed
Motor spirit
Kerosene
Solvents
- Middle distillates separated
Lube base stocks
Base Oil manufacture
- Flowchart
Distillation – Top fraction
Base oil manufacturing
process
• Middle distillates refined further

•Vacuum distillation
•Propane de asphalting
•Solvent refining
•Solvent dewaxing
•Treating
•Clay filtering
process
• Lubes base stocks
- Vacuum distillation
Single stage
Multi stage
required for removal of “balance”
- lighter ends
Base oil manufacture -
Flowchart
Distillation – middle fraction
• Lubes base stocks

- Dewaxing
- MEK – Toulene
- For Pour Point reduction
• Hydrofinishing
- Reduction with hydrogen
- For removal of
Sulphur
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Improves heat & oxidation stability
• De asphalting
- Reduction with propane
- For removal of
Asphaltic compounds
Crude Oil composition
• Composition (weight %)
• Carbon 84%
• Hydrogen 14%
• Sulphur 1.5%
• Others (nitrogen, Oxygen,
Metals, salts) < 2%
Yield – Base Oil
manufacturing process
• Yield in percentages
• Gasoline 44%
• Diesel 21%
• Kerosene /Jet Fuel 9%
• Others ( Coke , asphalt, residual
fuel oil) 25%
• Lube Oil base stock 1%
Base Oils types
• Paraffinic 60%
• Naphthenic 28%
• Aromatic 12%
Base Oil classification
• Pale Oils
• Lighter ends
• Neutrals
• Middle ends
• Bright stock
• Heavy ends
Typical base oils
• Solvent neutrals
• SN 70
• SN 100
• SN 150
• SN 300
• SN 350
• SN 500
• SN 650
• SN 900
Typical base oils
• Bright stock
• BS 150
API classifications – Base Oils
• American Petroleum Institute (API)

• Group I, II, II+
• Mineral Oils
• Group III, IV, V

• Synthetic Oils
API classifications – Base Oils
• American Petroleum Institute (API)

• Group I,
• Solvent Refined base stocks
• Mineral Oils
• Group II, II+,III
• Solvent refined and Hydro treated
• Group IV, V
• Synthetics
• Polymerized olefins from petrochemical source
API Base Oil –
Interchange Guidelines
Base Oil Sulphur Saturates Viscosity
category (%) (%) Index (VI)
Group I > 0.03 < 90 80 to 120
Group II < 0.03 > 90 80 to 120
Group III < 0.03 > 90 > 120
Group IV All polyalphaolefins (PAO)
Group V All others not included in
Group I, II, III or IV
Typical cost of base oils
• From crude oils - Yield of Lube

stocks is 1%
• If crude price is “X”
• Lube base oil price = “2X”
• In short base oil costs can be upto
“twice” price of crude oil
What is a lubricant
• Finished lubricants
- Careful blend of
• Base Oils
• additives
What is a lubricant
Finished lubricants
=
Base Oils
+
Additives
What are additives
Lubricant additives
- classified on their
functional capability
1.Enhance existing property
2.Suppress undesirable property
3.Impart new property
What are additives
1. Enhance existing property

• Anti oxidant
• Corrosion inhibitor
• Anti foam agent
• Demulsifying agent
What are additives
2. Suppress undesirable base oil

property
• Pour Point depressant
• VI improver
What are additives
3. Impart new property

• E P additive
• Anti wear agents
• Detergents
• Dispersants
• Metal deactivators
• Tackiness agents
Base oils – Holly Lubricants &
Specialities Ltd
Thank you

Base Oils For Lubricants Manufacture & Classification

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Base Oils For Lubricants Manufacture & Classification

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Base Oil for

• Lubricants come in a variety of

Overview of the process

Starting with crude oil, typical process

• Crude oil distillation

• Middle distillates refined further

• Lubes base stocks

• American Petroleum Institute (API)

• Group III, IV, V

• American Petroleum Institute (API)

• From crude oils - Yield of Lube

1. Enhance existing property

2. Suppress undesirable base oil

3. Impart new property

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