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Training Program On Basic Process Engineering Practices By: February 6, 2022 1
Training Program On Basic Process Engineering Practices By: February 6, 2022 1
Training Program on
Basic Process Engineering Practices
By
February 6, 2022 1
What is Flaring?
Flaring is a combustion control process in which waste gases are
piped to a remote, usually elevated location and burned in an open
flame in the open air.
A specially designed burner tip, auxiliary fuel, and steam or air are
used to promote mixing for nearly complete combustion (>98 %).
The flaring process can produce undesirable by-products, including
noise, smoke, heat radiation, light, SOx, NOx, CO, and an undesired
source of ignition. However, proper design can minimize these.
Flare Tip
Process Equipment
Flare Header
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Purpose of Flare System
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Causes of Over-pressure
External fire
Blocked Valve
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Flare System Design Factors
Smokeless operation
Flame stability
Thermal radiation
Noise level
Flashback protection
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Flare Network Components
Pilot
Flare Tip Burner
Process (Unit – 1)
Mol Seal
Fuel Gas
Unit Flare HDR
PC
Main
Flare
HDR
Flare
Stack
Air
Process (Unit – 2)
Flare
Fuel Gas
Unit Flare HDR Ignition
System
Incinerator
Fuel Gas (2”) Pump
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Flare Types
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Flare Types, Contd...
Smoke problem
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Flare Types, Contd...
Assisted flares
• In assisted flares, induction of air for combustion and mixing are
enhanced by various means described below.
Steam
Assisted
Flare
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Steps on Designing Flare System
Identify Systems
For Relief
Protection
Determine
Identify Cases Select Set
Controlling Load
For Over-pressure Pressures
For Each Relief
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Determining Flare Load in a Plant
Q= 21,000 x F x A 0.84
Where -
(F=0.3 for bare water sprayed,
buried or insulated surface)
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Examples of Safety Valve Sizing Cases
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Examples of Safety Valve Sizing Cases
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Over-pressure: Blocked Discharge Case
Block
discharge
from well
head
Oil manifold
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Heat Exchanger Tube Failure
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Utility Failure Example – Cooling Water Failure
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Control Equipment Failure- Oversupply of Heat
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Selecting the Set Pressure
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Relief Line Sizing- Guidelines
No PSV inlet line pressure drop should be greater than 3%
of the set pressure.
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Stack Height
• luminosity,
• noise,
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Stack Height Contd..
Solar Radiation
• API RP 521 provides guidelines for radiation limits for
estimating stack height.
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Cold Vent
In cases where the safety relief valves are small in number and
venting possibilities are minimal, cold venting of natural gas
can be carried out in stead of flaring.
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Flaring from Atmospheric Tanks
• Atmospheric Storage Tank designed as per API 650 can
not tolerate back pressure of flare system. They need to
be vented.
Refrigerated
Atmospheric
Storage tank
Flare stack
Atmospheric
storage tank
Vent stack
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Codes and Guidelines
API RP 520 Sizing, selection, and installation of pressure
relieving devices in refineries
Part I – Sizing and Selection, 1993.
Part II – Installation, 1994.
API RP 521 Guide for pressure-relieving and depressuring
systems, 1997.
API RP 526 Flanged Steel Safety Relief Valves, Fourth
Edition, 1995.
API RP 527 Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves, Third
Edition, 1991.
API Std 2000 Venting atmospheric and low pressure storage
tanks: Non-refrigerated and refrigerated, 1998.
API RP 2521 Use of pressure-vacuum vent valves for
atmospheric Loss, First Edition, 1966.
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