ECE (6th Semester) Avinash Kumar Jha (16500315012)

Indrayan Das (16500315023)

Jyotirmoyee Aich (16500315026)

Earthquake Detection and

Monitoring System
Introduction

 An Earthquake detection and monitoring system is an instrument that

measures motion of the ground, caused by, for example,
an earthquake, a volcanic eruption and warns beforehand.
 Seismic waves are propagating vibrations that carry energy from the
source of an earthquake outward in all directions. They travel through
the interior of the Earth and can be measured with sensitive detectors
called seismographs. Scientists have seismographs set up all over the
world to track the movement of the Earth’s crust.
 The word derives from the Greek  seismós which means “a shaking or
quake” and was coined by David Milne-Homein in 1841, to describe
an instrument designed by Scottish physicist James David Forbes.
Earthquake

 An earthquake (or quakes, tremors) is the shaking of the surface of

the earth, caused by the sudden movement in the Earth's crust.
They can be extremely violent or cannot be felt by anyone.
 Earthquakes are usually quite brief, but may repeat. They are the result
of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust. This creates seismic
waves, which are waves of energy that travel through the Earth.
 Earthquakes can cause huge losses to the affected areas such as death,
collapsing of structures. One recent occurrence was in Taiwan, China
on 6th February 2018 killing 14 people and injuring more than 280
people.
History Of Earthquake Detector(Seismometer)

 The first seismometer was made in China

during the 2nd Century. In AD 132, Zhang
Heng of China's Han dynasty invented the
first seismoscope. The description we
have, from the ”History of the Later Han
Dynasty”, says that it was a large bronze
vessel, about 2 meters in diameter; at eight
points around the top were dragon's heads
holding bronze balls. When there was an
earthquake, one of the mouths would open
and drop its ball into a bronze toad at the
base, making a sound and supposedly
showing the direction of the earthquake.
History Of Earthquake Detector(Seismometer)

 An early special-purpose seismometer

consisted of a large, stationary pendulum,
with a stylus on the bottom. As
the earth started to move, the heavy mass
of the pendulum had the inertia to stay still
within the frame. The result is that the
stylus scratched a pattern corresponding
with the Earth's movement. This type of
strong-motion seismometer recorded upon
a smoked glass (glass with carbon soot).
While not sensitive enough to detect
distant earthquakes, this instrument could
indicate the direction of the pressure waves
and thus help find the epicenter of a local
quake. Such instruments were useful in the
analysis of the 1906 San Francisco
earthquake.
Basic Principle Of a Seismometer

A simple seismometer is sensitive to up-down motions of the earth can be understood

by visualizing a weight hanging on a spring. The spring and weight are suspended
from a frame that moves along with the earth's surface. As the earth moves, the
relative motion between the weight and the earth provides a measure of the vertical
ground motion. If a recording system is installed, such as a rotating drum attached to
the frame, and a pen attached to the mass, this relative motion between the weight and
earth can be recorded to produce a history of ground motion, called a seismogram. It
operates on the principle of inertia stationary objects, the weight, remains stationary
unless a force is applied to them. The weight thus tends to remain stationary while the
frame and drum are moving. Seismometers used in earthquake studies are designed to
be highly sensitive to ground movements.
Basic Principle Of a Seismometer
Modern Earthquake Detectors

Long Period Seismometer

A long period seismometer is an instrument in
which the resonant frequency is very low. The
lag between the seismometer and the ground
motion becomes zero and the amplitude of the
seismometer displacement becomes equal to
the amplified ground displacement. It is
sometimes called a displacement meter.
It is usually designed to record seismic signals
with frequencies in the range 0.01 Hz to 0.1 Hz
which is ‘periods’ of 100 seconds down to 10
seconds.
It generally contains a electronic transducer
which converts the motion into electrical
signals.
Modern Earthquake Detectors

Short Period Seismometer

The short period seismometer is constructed
to have a very short natural period and a
correspondingly high resonant frequency
which is higher than most frequencies in a
seismic wave. The displacement of a short
period seismometer is proportional o the
acceleration of the ground, and this
instrument of accordingly called an
accelerometer. It is usually designed to
respond to frequencies of 1 Hz – 10 Hz
(periods in the range 1 second down to 0.1
seconds)
This type of instrument is particularly
suitable for measuring strong motion.
Modern Earthquake Detectors

Broadband Seismometers
The broadband seismometer has
an inertial pendulum design with a
force feedback mechanism. The
amount of feedback force applied
is determined by using an
electrical transducer to convert the
motion of the mass into an
electrical signal.