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आधार

· Quantum
Numbers·
By Mohit Ryan Sir
आधार
आधार
आधार
आधार
Quantum numbers

First three derived from

Schrodinger’s wave equation.
आधार Quantum Number

Azimuthal Spin Quantum Number

Principal Quantum Magnetic
Quantum number Quantum
Number Number

Derived from Schrodinger's wave Equation

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Quantum numbers are like the postal address of a man. To know
about a particular person we should know about his country , his
town, his lane and his house number.
आधार
Quantum numbers

Quantum numbers is defined as the set of four numbers with the help of
which we can get the complete information about all the electrons in an atoms.
i.e. Location , energy , the type of orbital occupied , shape and orientation of
the orbital etc.
आधार

Types of quantum numbers

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आधार
Principal quantum numbers(n)

● It represent the distance of the electron from the nucleus and also called as
Shell of electron. It determines the size of the electron cloud.

n= 1 K
2 L
3 M
4 N
आधार
आधार Principal quantum numbers(n)

❏ The maximum number of electrons present in any principal shell is

given by 2n2 where n is the number of the principal shell.
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आधार
आधार
Azimuthal/ Angular momentum quantum number (l)

Azimuthal quantum numbers tells about:

❏ The number of subshells present in the main shell.

आधार
आधार
आधार
Azimuthal/ Angular momentum quantum number (l)

❏
The angular momentum of the electron present in any
subshell.
आधार
Azimuthal/ Angular momentum quantum number (l)

❏
The relative energies of the various subshells.
आधार
आधार
Azimuthal/ Angular momentum quantum number (l)

❏ The shape of the various subshell present within the same principal
shell.
आधार
Azimuthal/ Angular momentum quantum number (l)

For a given value of principal quantum number, the value of azimuthal

quantum number ranging from 0 to (n-1).

n l
l = 0 1 2 3 4
1 0
Designation = s p d f g
2 0,1
3 0,1,2
4 0,1,2,3
आधार
Magnetic quantum number

★ The magnetic quantum number determines the number of preferred orientations

of the electrons present in a subshell.

★ As each orientation corresponds to an orbital , therefore the magnetic quantum

number determines the number of orbitals present in any subshell.
आधार
आधार
Magnetic quantum number

❏ The magnetic quantum number is denoted by m or ml .

❏ For a given value of l, magnetic quantum number can have all the
values ranging -l to +l .

Total values of m =2l+1

आधार Difference between Orbit and Orbital

Orbit Orbital
1. An orbit is a well defined circular path around the 1. An orbital is the three dimensional space around the
nucleus in which the electrons revolve nucleus within which the probability of finding an
2. It represents the planar motion of an electron around electron is maximum (upto 90%)
2. It represent the three dimensional motion of an electron
the nucleus. around the nucleus.
3. The concept of an orbit is not is accordance with the 3. The concept of an orbital is in accordance with the
wave character of electrons and uncertainty principle wave character of electrons and uncertainty principle.
4. All orbits are circular and disc like 4. Difference orbitals have different shapes, i.e., s-orbitals
5. Orbits do not have any directional characteristics are spherically symmetrical, p-orbitals are dumb-bell
6. The maximum number of electrons in any orbit is shaped and so on.
5. All orbital except s-orbitals have directional
given by 2n2 where n is the number of the orbit.
characteristics.
6. The maximum number of electrons present in any
orbital is two.
आधार
आधार
आधार Spin Quantum number(ms)

This quantum number helps to explain the magnetic properties of the substances.
A spinning electron behaves like a micromagnet with a magnetic moment. If an orbital
contain two electrons, the two magnetic moment opposes and cancel each other.
आधार Spin Quantum number(ms)
आधार Important points about quantum numbers :
● These are the four quantum numbers.

NUMBER SYMBOL POSSIBLE VALUES

Principal quantum number n 1, 2, 3, 4, …….

Angular momentum quantum l 0, 1,2,3, ……..(n-1)

number

Magnetic quantum number ml -l , ……… , -1, 0, 1,......, l

Spin quantum number ms +½, -½

आधार Important points about quantum numbers :
To sum up the four quantum numbers provide the following informations about
orbitals :

● n describes the shell , determines the size of the orbital and also to the extent
the energy of the orbital.

● l describes the subshell and the shape of the orbital . There are n subshells in
nth shell . To some extent , l also determines the energy of the orbital in a multi
electron atom.

● ml designates the orientation of the orbital . For a given value of l,m can have
(2l+1) values or number of orbitals .

● ms refers to the orientation of the spin of the electron.

आधार
Points to remember

❏ Number of subshells in nth shell=n

❏ Number of orbitals in subshells =2l+1
❏ Maximum number of electrons in a subshell =2(2l+1)
❏ Number of orbitals in the nth shell=n2
❏ Maximum number of electrons in nth shell = 2n2
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