1

GOODAFTERNOON

JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION 1

 CONTRIBUTION OF
PROSTHODONTICS IN THE
FIELD OF FORENSIC
ODONTOLOGY
REVIEW ARTICLE
International Journal Of Prosthodontics And Restorative
Dentistry Apirl- June 2014;(2):56-59

JOURNAL CLUB
PRESENTED BY- DR.
POOJA KIRAN
POST GRADUATE 1st YEAR 2
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MAIN ARTICLE

• INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION
• STUDIES FOR AGE ESTIMATONAND SEX- DETERMINATION
• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
4. REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION

What Is Forensic Odontology ?

Forensic is derived from the latin word ‘forum’ which means-

‘court of law’

A branch of forensic medicine dealing with teeth and marks left

by teeth (as in identifying criminal suspects or the remains of a
dead person)

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 ODONTOLOGY

“ Study of Teeth”

•Role of Prosthodontics to identify and maintain the dental

records is becoming increasingly important.

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• Dental records and forensic odontology is in use to

identify victims.
• It relies on sound knowledge of teeth and jaws, possessed by
dentist and incorporates:

FORENSIC
ODONTOLOGY

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 Scope of forensic Odontology

 Identifying unknown human remains through dental records &

cranio-facial bones.
 Recognition and analysis of bite marks found on victims.

 Analysis of oro-facial trauma associated with person abuse.

 Determinating of gender of an unidentified individual.

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The role of forensic odontologist and prosthodontist in dealing
various autopsy cases is becoming indispensable day by day.

Adolph Hitler SADDAM HUSSEIN

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 The Role Of Prosthodontics In Forensic
Odontology:

 Study of rugae patterns - Rugoscopy

 New ways of engraving records into prosthesis

 Impression making and models of bite marks

 Lip print recording and identification.

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 DISCUSSION
A PROSTHODONTIST CONTRIBUTES INTO
FORENSICS IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:

A) BY ENGRAVING RECORDS IN PROSTHESIS

1.Surface Methods

2.Inclusion Methods

ID band

Laser etching

T Bar

Electronic Microchips
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 Lenticular System

 RFID Tags

 Photographs

 Bar Codes

B) Chelioscopy

C) Rugoscopy
D) Bite Mark Analysis

E) Sex Determination from Pulpal Tissue

F) DNA in Forensic Odontology

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 STUDIES FOR AGE ESTIMATION
AND SEX DETERMINATION

 Mandibular Canine Index as a Sex

Determinant
 Cementum Annulations for Age Estimation

 Enamel Rod End Patterns

 Dentin Translucency

 Panoramic Radiography

 Third Molar for Age Estimation

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BY ENGRAVING RECORDS IN PROSTHESIS

Labelled dentures:

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1. Surface Methods:

Writing, scribing on tissue fitting surface or the polished

surface with fiber-tipped pen, embossing initials of the
patient in master cast with burs.

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2. Inclusion Methods:

Paper strips: An inexpensive way is utilizing a piece of

onion skin paper.

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Inclusion Methods

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 ID band:
• Dentures may be marked with stainless steel band.
Most commonly used fire-resistant materials are:
- Titanium foil
- HO matrix band
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 Laser etching:
• Copper vapor laser can etch patient’s identification in metal

surface of partial dentures.

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T Bar

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T -Bar labelled denture

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 Electronic Microchips:
• Patient information was etched onto a chip measuring
5 × 5 × 0.6mm. It is bonded with acrylic resin. Further
advancement includes specialized equipment to transfer
details to computer.

• Its disadvantage is that it can be inscribed only by

manufacturer and not by the dentist.

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Electronic Microchips

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 Lenticular System:

Lenticular lens is used to produce images with an

illusion of depth, morph or the ability to change or move as
the image is viewed from different angles.

ADVANTAGES

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Lenticular System

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 RFID Tags:

A radiofrequency identification tag is a cosmetic and effective

labelling method, permitting rapid and reliable identification by
the wearer size: 8.5 × 2.2 mm.
Large amount of denture usage data can be stored in them.

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RFID Tags

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RFID HOW IT WORKS

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RFID HOW IT WORKS…

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 Photographs:
• Patient photograph is embedded to clear acrylic
denture base. Useful in countries having low literacy rate or
less populated small towns.
It was resistant only upto 200 to 300°C.

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Bar Codes:

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Bar Codes

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 Chelioscopy:
• In 1932, Edmond Locard, one of France criminologists

recommended the use of lip prints in personal identification and

criminalization.
• The external surface of lips has many elevations and depressions

forming a characteristic pattern called lip prints, examination of

which is known as chelioscopy. The use of lip prints in personal
identification and criminalization.

International Journal Of Prosthodontics And Restorative Dentistry

Apirl- June 2014;(2):56-59 32
Chelioscopy

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Snyder reported in his book homicide investigation that the
characteristics of the lips formed by lip grooves are as individually
distinctive as the ridge characteristics of finger prints.

The methods to obtain lip prints are of two types:

1.Direct method

2.Indirect method

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 Rugoscopy:
•
It is the study of palatal rugae - Caklas and Shetty, et al
had reported palatal rugae were first described by
Winslow in 1753.
• Palatal rugae are irregular, asymmetric ridges of the

mucous membrane extending laterally from incisive

papilla and the anterior part of the median palatal
raphe.

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 Rugoscopy

Rugoscopy finds application in the field of anthropology,

comparative anatomy, genetics, forensic odontology,
prosthodontics and orthodontics

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• To study of rugae, impression of maxillary arch
is
made. Impression is poured withdental stone.
Rugoscopy may not be so useful in crime scene
investigation but very useful in necro-identification
technique, especially in aeronautical accidents.

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 Bite Mark Analysis
• Bite marks can be in two- or three-dimensional
evidence. Two-dimensional evidence like pictures
have angular distortion. Some tools within Photoshop
can be used to detect and correct for certain angular
distortions.

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 DNA in Forensic Odontology
• The highly variable regions of DNA have unique patterns for

each individual. Several biological materials may be employed

for isolation of DNA and accomplishment of laboratory

tests for human identification, including teeth, bone tissue,

hair bulb, biopsy sample, saliva, blood and other body tissues.
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DNA in Forensic Odontology

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 Sex Determination from Pulpal Tissue
• The sex determination from pulpal tissue is based on the
presence or absence of X-chromosome.

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 STUDIES FOR AGE ESTIMATION AND
SEX DETERMINATION
Mandibular Canine Index as a Sex Determinant:
• The method comprises of evaluating dental casts in the age
group of 14-20 years.
Boaz, et al revealed that the mean values of the buccolingual and
mesiodistal dimensions of the mandibular left canine were greater in
females than in males and the mean values of the mesiodistal dimensions of
the mandibular right canine in females were greater than that in males.

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Mandibular Canine Index as a Sex Determinant

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 Cementum Annulations for Age Estimation

Number of incremental lines (n) = X/Y

By adding average age of eruption in years for each tooth as presented

in Gray’s Anatomy, the counted number of incremental lines, the

chronological age of the individual was obtained.
E = n + t
where estimated age = number of incremental lines (n) + eruption
age of tooth (t).

International Journal Of Prosthodontics And Restorative

Dentistry 47
 Enamel Rod End Patterns

The term ‘ameloglyphics’

(‘amelo’ meaning ‘enamel’ ; ‘glyphics’ meaning ‘carvings’) has been

used for the study of enamel rod patterns on tooth surface. These enamel

rod end patterns can be duplicated by various methods like acetate peel

technique, rubber base impression, etc. The age-related changes in the

dentition can be divided into three categories : formative, degenerative

and histological.

International Journal Of Prosthodontics And Restorative Dentistry

Apirl- June 2014;(2):56-59 45
Enamel Rod End Patterns

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• Dentin Translucency:
Dentinal translucency is considered best for dental
age estimation.
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 Panoramic Radiography:
• Panoramic radiographs are also helpful to determine

the age of the individual by assessing the stage of eruption.

• The size of dental pulp cavity is reduced as a result of

secondary dentin deposit.

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Panoramic Radiography

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 Third Molar for Age Estimation
The eruption stages were evaluated using the classification of
stages by Olze, et al as:

Stage A: Occlusal plane covered with alveolar bone.

Stage B: Alveolar eruption; complete resorption of alveolar bone

over occlusal plane.

Stage C: Gingival emergence; penetration of gingiva by at least one
dental cusp.

Stage D: Complete emergence in occlusal plane.

International Journal Of Prosthodontics And Restorative Dentistry

Apirl- June 2014;(2):56-59 53
 CLASSIFICATION OF STAGES
BY OLZE, ET AL AS:

International Journal Of Prosthodontics And Restorative Dentistry April - June 2014;(2):56-59

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Review of
literature

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Carlos Madrid, Tove Korsvold, Aline Rochat and Marcelo
Abarca (2012) Radio frequency identification (RFID) of
dentures in long-term care facilities

• The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of

using radiofrequency identification (RFID) in the
identification of dentures

• RFID appears to be a reliable method of tracking and

identifying dentures, with only 1of 65 devices being
unreadable at 3 months and 100% of 50 initially placed tags
being readable at the end of the trial.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) of dentures in long-term care facilities (J
Prosthet Dent 2012;107:199-202)
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At the 3-month assessment of 34 residents (63 tags) 1 tag was
unreadable and 62 tags (98.2%) were operational.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) of dentures in long-term care facilities

(J Prosthet Dent 2012;107:199-202)
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Larry D. Ryan, John B. Keller, Donald E. Rogers, and Lee
Schaeffer (1993) Clear acrylic resin T-bar used in denture
Identification.
• T-shaped, clear acrylic resin bar can be utilized as a vehicle
for identification of an existing removable dental prosthesis.

• A printed label attached to the T-bar makes a convenient

vehicle for embedding the label in the prosthesis with lightcured
acrylic resin.

• T-shaped bar as a vehicle to insert an identification label in an

existing removable dental prosthesis. It also provides an exceptionally
clear view of the embedded label.

(J Prosthet Dent 1993;70:1&39-90.) 58

Clear acrylic resin T-bar used in denture Identification
 T Bar

Clear acrylic resin T-bar used in denture Identification

(J Prosthet Dent 1993;70:1&39-90.) 59
 Karen Christine dos Santos, Clemente Maia S. Fernandes,
Mônica da

Costa Serra (2011) Evaluation of a digital methodology for human identification

using palatal rugoscopy.

Aim: This study evaluated a digital method for human identification using
palatoscopy, by comparing photographs of the palate against the images of cast
models of the maxilla photographed with and without highlighting of the palatal
rugae.

Condensation silicone impressions were made from the upper arches of 30 adult
subjects of both genders and their palates were then photographed.

Evaluation of a digital methodology for human identification using palatal rugoscopy(Braz

J Oral Sci. July | September 2011 - Volume 10, Number 3)
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 • The result of overlapping the digital photographs with the images
of the models without highlighted palatal rugae resulted
in 90% positive identification. For the overlapping of
the digital photographs with the images of models with
highlighted palatal rugae, there was 100% positive
identification.
Conclusions: The digital method evaluated in this study was
proven effective for human identification.

Evaluation of a digital methodology for human identification using palatal rugoscopy (Braz
J Oral Sci. July | September 2011 - Volume 10, Number 61
3)
 R.K. Gorea O.P. Jasuja Abdulwahab Ali Abuderman( 2013 )
Bite marks on skin and clay: A comparative Analysis.

•Bite marks are often observed at the crime scene in sexual and in physical
assault cases on the skin of the victims.

•Bite marks are often observed at crime scenes on various parts of the
human body.

•Bite marks are lifted using various photography techniques and other
materials.

•It shows statistics of different grades of identification by four different methods

of comparison in maxillary bite mark impressions and mandibular bite
mark impressions.

Journal Of Oral Biology And Craniofacial Research (2013) 88e - 91

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•
Dental casts of the volunteers were prepared after taking
impressions
with alginate powder and subsequently using dental stone

powder. From these dental casts, hand-drawn transparencies were

prepared
•
along with
These photocopied
transparencies andsuperimposed
were scanned transparencies.
on life-sized photographs,

compared and analysed. Casts were also directly matched to

the usefulness of comparison by this method.
determine

Journal of Oral Biology And Craniofacial Research ( 2 0 1 3 ) 8 8 e - 9 1

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•
Comparative success rates vary depending on the substrate on

which bite marks are present. The average rate of successful

comparison on clay by all of the methods was 93.34%, whereas

on, skin it was 44.01%.

Journal Of Oral Biology And Craniofacial Research ( 2 0 1 3 ) 8 8 e-9 1

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 Critical analysis
•
This article does not consist of a specific procedure that is the
insertion of memory card in the denture which stores
informations and patient details including photographs that
cloud be very useful for the purpose of forensic odontology.

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 Summary and Conclusions
• The contribution of a forensic in medicolegal
odontologist
proceedings cannot be overstressed. In spite of having
progressed by leaps and bounds through various techniques
in the identification of accident victims and in
investigative criminology.
• Humanitarian aims pursued by volunteering dentists during

mass disasters should be refrained to assure quality work

and high forensic standards.

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• Guidelines and international principles and codes are
needed especially when working in an international area. This
would allow disaster victim identification (DVI) teams
from different nationalities to work in a synergic and
universal way.

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 REFERENCES
• International Journal Of Prosthodontics And Restorative Dentistry
Apirl- June 2014;(2):56-59

• Carlos Madrid, Tove Korsvold, Aline Rochat and Marcelo Abarca

(2012)Radio frequency identification (RFID) of dentures in long-term care
facilities.

• Larry D. Ryan, John B. Keller,b Donald E. Rogers,b and Lee

Schaeffer (1993) Clear acrylic resin T-bar used in denture
Identification.

68
• R.K. Gorea a, O.P. Jasuja b, Abdulwahab Ali Abuderman ( 2013) Bite marks
on skin and clay: A comparative Analysis.

• British Dental Journal Volume 210 No. 8 Apr 23 2011

• Journal Of Dental Technology November 2013

• Journal Of Forensic Sciences September 2006, Vol. 51, No. 5

Doi:10.1111/J.1556-4029.2006.00238.X

• Karen Christine dos Santos, Clemente Maia S. Fernandes, Mônica da Costa

Serra (2011) Evaluation of a digital methodology for human identification
using palatal rugoscopy.

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