Trusses: Engr Charlton S. Inao

Chapter 9
TRUSSES
Engr Charlton S. Inao
02/07/2022 ProfCharlton 1
Types of Truss
Hinge
Parts of Truss/Truss Support
Members/Web
Joints
Supports 1) Roller
2) Hinged
3) Fixed
Roller 4) Pin Pin
Truss Supports
Methods of Determining the Forces
Methods of Joints
Methods of Sections
Statically Determinate and in Equilibrium
Summation of Forces are zero

Summation of moments are zero
Difference between the two methods
Engineering Mechanics - Statics
Trusses, Frames, and

Machines
02/07/2022 ProfCharlton
14
7.2 Plane Trusses

Before this chapter In this chapter
F1 F1
R1 R2 R1 R2
F2 F2
Determine the reactions, R1 Determine the reactions, R1
and R2, of a rigid body and R2, and the forces in
subjected to a pair of forces nine rigid members that are
F1, and F2. joined together with six
pin joints, subjected to a
pair of forces F1, and F2.
15
7.2 Plane Trusses

Idealized trusses
1. Members are connected together at their ends only.
2. Members are connected together by frictionless pins.
3. Loads are applied only at the joints. (Thus, all
members are two-force members.)
4. Weights of members are neglected.
An actual riveted truss joint, which transmits both forces

and moments among connecting members
An idealized frictionless pin connection, which transmits

forces among connecting members, but not moments.
This assumption can be justified so long as the members
02/07/2022
are long. ProfCharlton
16
7.2 Plane Trusses

A triangle is the building block of all plane trusses
H
B B D F 12
4 13
11
1 3 1 3 8 7
2 10 G
9
2 C 5 6
A C A
E
m2j
m = NUMBER OF BERS;3 j = NUMBER OF JOINTS
Total unknowns: m (one for each member) + 3 (3 support reactions).
Each joint yields two equations (Fx = 0, Fy = 0)
Is a truss always “stable” and “solvable” when m = 2j -3 is satisfied?
17
7.2 Plane Trusses

A triangle is the building block of all plane trusses
H
B B D F 12
4 13
11
1 3 1 3 8 7
2 10 G
9
2 C 5 6
A C A
E
m2j
m = NUMBER OF BERS;3 j = NUMBER OF JOINTS
Total unknowns: m (one for each member) + 3 (3 support reactions).
Each joint yields two equations (Fx = 0, Fy = 0)
Is a truss always “stable” and “solvable” when m = 2j -3 is satisfied?
18
7.2 Plane Trusses

Rigidity and Solvability of A Truss
m2j m2jr
3
j9 m  15 j9 m  15 r
m2jr
2 j  3  15   3 2 j  r  15  m
m
m: # of Members
j: # of Joints
r: # of Reactions j9 m  14 j9 m  14 r
2 j  3  15   4 2 j  r  14  m
m
j6 m9 j6 m9

2j39 r3 2jr9
m m
19
7.2 Plane Trusses

m2jr
j  8 m  12 r  3
2 j  r  13  m  12
j  8 m  14 r  3
2 j  r  13  m  14 j  8 m  13 r  3
2 j  r  13  m
j  10 m  16 r  3 Yet, it is unstable!
2 j  r  17  m  16
20
7.2 Plane Trusses
• Method of Joints
1. Draw a free-body diagram of the entire structure and determine the

reactions (if r = 3).
2. Draw free-body diagrams for all members (assume tensile forces in
all members) and all joints.
3. Set up the equilibrium equations for each joint and solve them one
joint at a time, begin with those that have at most two unknowns.
4. Check the results at the last joint.
21
7.2 Plane Trusses

Method of Joints
Reactions
M A  8B y  4 1000 82000
0
 M  8A  4 1000  0
B y
 F  A  1000  0
x x
Ax  1000 lb
Ay  500 lb
02/07/2022 By ProfCharlton
2500 lb
22
7.2 Plane Trusses

Method of Joints
⎧ Fx  TAB  TAC cos  1000 
0
⎩ Fy  AD  TAC sin  500 
2000 lb A : ⎨
 0
D TCD
D C T
C AB  0
B : ⎧ F
x
TCD
 2500 
TAD TCD TCD TAC TBC ⎨ T ⎩ yF  TBC 0
C TAC TBC
TAD D C ⎧ Fx  TCD  TAC cos  0
C:⎨
⎩
 FAC  T  T sin  2000 
y BC
B 0 ⎧ F  T  1000  0
A x CD
A D:
TAD TAC TBC ⎩
⎨
 FAD T 
y
TAD A B 0
TAC TBC DTAD ,TCD   C T
AC ,TBC
B
1000 A  AT ,T   BT ,T

TAB TAB TAB TAB AB AC AB BC
lb
02/07/2022
500 2500
ProfCharlton

lb lb 23
7.2 Plane Trusses

Method of Joints
? m2jr ?
j4 m5 j4 m5 j4 m r3 j4 m5 r4

r3 2jr5 r4 2jr4 5 2jr5 2jr4m5
m m5 m
24
7.2 Plane Trusses

Zero-Force Members
P P
D B P D B
D B A
A A
C C C
E E E
y
B x TAC
TBD TAB TCD
TCE
TBC
 Fy  0  TBC  F y  0  TCD  0
25
0
7.2 Plane Trusses

Zero-Force Members
D B D B D B
A A A
C C C
E E E
Zero-force member: Zero-force member: Zero-force member:

BC, CD AB, AC AB, AC, BC
26
7.2 Plane Trusses

More About Zero-Force Members
Zero force members cannot simply be removed from the truss and
discarded, as they are needed to guarantee stability of the truss.
If members BD and AD are removed, then a slight disturbance would cause joint D to
buckle outward. The equilibrium at joint D (see the free-body diagram) requires that
F  T cos  TCD cos  0  TDE  T CD ⎫ ⎪
 x DE ⎬ TDE  TCD  0
F  T sin  T sin  0  TDE  TCD ⎪
 y DE CD
Yet equilibrium at joint C requires that TCD  0. Thus, joint D will continue to buckle
⎭
outward and the truss is no longer stable.
27
7.2 Plane Trusses

Zero-force members may become non-zero-force members, or
vice versa, as the load moves from one location to another.
Consider a “Warren” truss with vertical supports.
(See http://www.geocities.com/Baja/8205/truss.htm for other types of bridge truss)
28
7.2 Plane Trusses

Other Bridge Trusses
Warren Truss
w/o Vertical
Supports
Pratt
Truss
Quadrangular
Warren
Trusses
29
7.2 Plane Trusses

Washington Crossing Bridge
Tension-only members
30
7.2 Plane Trusses

Cross members are slender tension-only members. Any

compressive force will buckle the member, render it useless.
T T T T T
T
C C C C C
C
31

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Chapter 9

Parts of Truss/Truss Support

Summation of Forces are zero

Trusses, Frames, and

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

An actual riveted truss joint, which transmits both forces

An idealized frictionless pin connection, which transmits

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

j6 m9 j6 m9

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

1. Draw a free-body diagram of the entire structure and determine the

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

j4 m5 j4 m5 j4 m r3 j4 m5 r4

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

Zero-force member: Zero-force member: Zero-force member:

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

7.2 Plane Trusses

Cross members are slender tension-only members. Any

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