Glycolysis

 involves the breakdown of glucose

 Glucose taken up by cells from the blood is used to

generate energy
Glycogenesis is the production of glycogen from 
glucose and occurs (primarily in the liver and
skeletal muscles) when blood glucose levels are too
high (for example, after a meal).
Glycogenolysis is the reverse process - the breakdown
of glycogen to release individual molecules of
glucose. This occurs when blood glucose levels
begin to decline (for example, several hours after a
meal). The interaction of these two processes tends
to keep blood glucose levels relatively constant.
Glycolysis
Overall, glycolysis can be summarized as:
Glucose ----> 2 Pyruvic Acid (or pyruvate) + 2 net
ATP) + 4 hydrogens (2 NADH2)
So, glycolysis produces 2 direct ATP (ATP
produced directly from the reactions that occur
during glycolysis) and 6 indirect ATP (the 4
hydrogens produced in glycolysis will
subsequently go through oxidative
phosphorylation and produce 3 ATP per pair,
i.e., 4 hydrogens equals 2 pair and 2 pair times 3
ATP equals 6 ATP). Thus, glycolysis produces a
total of 8 ATP
Oxidative Decarboxylation
Kreb's Cycle
Kreb's Cycle
OVERALL ATP PRODUCTION from glucose =
8 (from glycolysis) + 6 (from the hydrogens
produced when the 2 pyruvic acid are
converted into 2 acetyl CoA) + 24 (from the
Kreb's cycle) for a GRAND TOTAL OF 38:
Direct Indirect Total
Glucose – 2 2 6 8
Pyruvic Acid
2 Pyruvic Acid – 2 0 6 6
Acetyl CoA
2 Acetyl CoA – 2 22 24
CO2 + H2O
Fats (or lipids), like triglycerides

Glycerol ----> Glyceraldehyde ----> Pyruvic Acid

----> Acetyl CoA ----> Kreb's Cycle
Fatty Acids are converted into molecules of Acetyl
CoA in a process called Beta Oxidation
Proteins
Proteins are first broken down into amino
acids. The nitrogen component of amino
acids is then removed (in a reaction
called DEAMINATION and these
deaminated amino acids are then
converted into Acetyl CoA which passes
through the Kreb's Cycle to make more
ATP
Proteins
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
kDA Polypeptides

Complex I NADH dehydrogenase/ 800 25

NADH-coenzyme Q
reductase

Complex 2 Succinate dehydrogenase/ 140 4

Succinate-coenzyme Q
reductase

Complex III Cytochrome-coenzyme Q 250 9-10

oxidoreductase

Complex IV Cytochrome oxidase 170 13

Complex V ATP synthetase 380 12-14

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Complex I
NADH + H+ FMN Fe2+S CoQ

NAD+ FMNH2 Fe3+S CoQH2

Complex II
Succinate FAD Fe2+S CoQ

Fumarate FADH2 Fe3+S CoQH2

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Complex III
CoQH2 cyt b Fe2+S cyt c 1 ox cyt c red

CoQ cyt b Fe3+S cyt c 1 red cyt c ox

Complex IV
Cyt c red cyt a ox cyt a red O2

cyt c ox cyt a red cyt a 3 ox 2H2O

Oxidative Phosphorylation