STATIC

VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
 INTRODUCTION
A voltage regulator is an electrical
regulator designed to automatically
maintain a constant voltage level. A
voltage regulator may be a simple
"feed-forward" design or may include
negative feedback control loops. It may
use an electromechanical mechanism,
or electronic components. Depending
on the design, it may be used to
regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages.
 EXAMPLES
Electronic voltage regulators are found in
devices such as computer power supplies where
they stabilize the DC voltages used by the
processor and other elements.
In automobile alternators and central power
station generator plants, voltage regulators
control the output of the plant.
In an electric power distribution system,
voltage regulators may be installed at a
substation or along distribution lines so that all
customers receive steady voltage independent of
how much power is drawn from the line
 SCR
silicon-controlled rectifier
 INTRODUCTION TO SCR
A silicon-controlled rectifier (or semiconductor-
controlled rectifier) is a four-layer solid state
device that controls current. The name "silicon
controlled rectifier" or SCR is General Electric's
trade name for a type of thyristor. The SCR was
developed by a team of power engineers led by
Gordon Hall and commercialized by Frank W.
"Bill" Gutzwiller in 1957.
 
 Construction of SCR

An SCR consists of four layers of alternating P and

N type semiconductor materials. Silicon is used as
the intrinsic semiconductor, to which the proper do
pants are added.
 Modes of operation
In the normal "off" state, the device restricts
current to the leakage current. When the gate-to-
cathode voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the
device turns "on" and conducts current. The
device will remain in the "on" state even after gate
current is removed so long as current through the
device remains above the holding current. Once
current falls below the holding current for an
appropriate period of time, the device will switch
"off". If the gate is pulsed and the current through
the device is below the holding current, the device
will remain in the "off" state
V-I CHARACTERISTIC OF SCR
THERE ARE THREE BASIC MODES OF
OPERATION

REVERSE BLOCKING MODE

FORWARD BLOCKING MODE
FORWARD CONDUCTING MODE
 REVERSE BLOCKING MODE
When cathode is made positive with respect to anode
with switch S open. thyristor is reverse biased as shown.
Junctions J1 J 3 are seen to be reverse biased whereas
junction J 2 is forward biased . The device behaves as if
two diodes are connected in series with reverse voltage
applied across them.
FORWARD BLOCKING MODE
When anode is positive with respect to the
cathode, with gate circuit open, thyristor is said
to be forward biased. It is seen from this figure
that junctions J1 , J 3 are forward biased but
junction J 2 is reverse biased.
Analog-to-digital converter
An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC,
A/D or A to D) is a device which converts a
continuous quantity to a discrete time digital
representation. An ADC may also provide an
isolated measurement. The reverse operation is
performed by a digital-to-analog converter
(DAC).
Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that
converts an input analog voltage or current to a
digital number proportional to the magnitude of
the voltage or current. However, some non-
electronic or only partially electronic devices,
such as rotary encoders, can also be considered
ADCs.
Electrical Symbol
THANK YOU!!!!!!!

ANY
QUERY??????