Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Telecommunications & The Internet
Telecommunications & The Internet
&
The Internet
Basic Telecom Model
Computer Computer
Analog signals
Channels
• Twisted wire (twisted pair)
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optics
• Microwave
• Newer Wireless
Twisted Pair
• Low cost
• easy to work with
• installed infrastructure
• crosstalk
• 300bps to 100Mbps
• “This modem is 56Kbps capable. However, current
regulations limit download speeds to 53Kbps,” the fine
print from a typical modem advertisement.
DSL
• Uses existing twisted pair
• 256Kbps to 40Mbps
• Loop length max about 18,000 ft.
• More correctly ADSL (Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line) with download speeds
different from upload speeds.
Coaxial Cable
• More expensive
• harder to work with
• not as extensive an existing infrastructure
– cable TV companies are changing this
• 56Kbps to 550Mbps
Fiber Optics
• Very expensive
• difficult to work with
• existing infrastructure limit to backbones
• 500Kbps to 30Gbps
Microwave
• Not as expensive as land lines
• Limited to line of site, (towers)
– reasonable infrastructure
• Satellite bounce, increases expense
– geo-synchronous (22,000 miles)
– low earth orbit (cheaper, lower power)
• 256Kbps to 100Mbps
Newer Wireless
– Cellular
– mobile data networks
– personal communications services (PCS)
Multiplexer
PC PC PC
Network Topology C
• Star Network C C P
• Bus Network C C C P
C P
• Ring Network C C
C C
Networks
• Local Area Network, LAN
• Wide Area Network, WAN
• Value Added Network, VAN
Network Terms
• File server
• Print server
• Gateway - connects dissimilar networks
• Bridge - connects similar networks
• Routers - connects networks & directs traffic
• Similar networks = same network protocols
Transmission on LANs
• Token Ring
– can talk only when you have the token
– cost more than Ethernet
– better for high volume traffic
• Ethernet
– talk whenever you want
– send again if collision
– works best with low volume traffic
Chapter 8 20
Transmission on WANs & VANs
• Packet Switching
– message broken into packets
– packets may take various routes
– message reassembled at destination
– allows load balancing on channels
• Frame Relay
– like packet switching, no error correction
The Internet
• What is the Internet?
• Who owns the Internet?
• Why does the Internet exist?
Evolution of the Internet
• 1970 ARPANET - 15 nodes
• 1972 first email
• 1982 TCP/IP becomes internet standard
– Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• 1984 ARPANET - 1,000 nodes
• 1986 NSF-Net backbone on ARPANET
• 1987 ARPANET - 10,000 nodes
Evolution of the Internet
• 1988 - businesses begin to connect to
system for research purposes
• 1989 ARPANET - 100,000 nodes
• 1989 link email between CompuServe and
ARPANET
• 1990 ARPANET becomes the Internet
Public Networks
CompuServe
• 1969 started in Cleveland with single
computer
• 1979 provided first email
• 1980 started national service
• Mid-1980s largest online service
• 1995 3 Million users
• 1997 purchased by AOL
Public Networks
Prodigy
• 1986 pilot in Atlanta, Hartford, San
Francisco
• 1988 national service launched
• 1994 1st to offer WWW access
• 1999 Prodigy Classic discontinued (209,000
members)
Public Networks
AOL
• 1991 AOL for DOS
• 1993 AOL for Windows
• 1997 bought CompuServe
• 1999 10 Million users
• Estimated to have distributed over 1 Billion
discs of over 1,000 different disk/CD styles
Internet Statistics
• http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.ht
m
– User Counts, updated daily
• http://whois.sc/internet-statistics/
– Domain Counts, updated daily
The Keys to Internet Growth
• 1991 WAIS and Gopher provide Internet
search and navigation
• 1992 WWW hyperlink software released
• 1992 NSF relaxes its restriction on
commercial Internet traffic
• 1992+ explosive growth in usage
Internet Capabilities
• Communications • Information Retrieval
– E-mail – Gopher
– Usenet – Archie
– Chatting – WAIS
– Telnet – FTP
http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/info/guide/Using_archie_Today.html
World Wide Web
• Set of standards for storing, retrieving,
formatting, and displaying information
using a client/server architecture
• Hypertext markup Language (HTML)
• browser
• search engines
Putting It All Together
AT&T Level 3
Centurylink
• IP: 134.129.67.235
• URL: dyn235.minard-67.ndsu.nodak.edu
ICANN
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
• a private sector, nonprofit organization
• responsibility for IP address space allocation, protocol parameter
assignment, domain name system management and root server
system management functions previously performed under U.S.
Government contract
• ICANN's diverse board consists of nineteen Directors, nine At-
Large Directors, who serve one-year terms and will be succeeded
by At-Large Directors elected by an at-large membership
organization. None of the present interim directors may sit on the
board once the permanent members are selected.
IP Address Registries
• Regional Internet Registries:
• American Registry for Internet Numbers, ARIN
• Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination
Centre, RIPE NCC
• Asia Pacific Network Information Centre, APNIC
• Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses
Registry, LACNIC
Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority
http://www.iana.org/