INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

INTRODUCTION
The technology of controlling a series of events to transform a material  into a desired end product is called

process control. For instance, the  making of fire could be considered a primitive form of process control. 
Industrial process control was originally performed manually by  operators. Their sensors were their sense of

sight, feel, and sound,  making the process totally operator-dependent. To maintain a process  within broadly
set limits, the operator would adjust a simple control  device.
∙ Instrumentation and control slowly evolved over the years, as industry  found a need for better, more

accurate, and more consistent  measurement for tighter process control. The first real push to develop  new
instruments and control systems came with the Industrial  Revolution, and World War I and II added further to
the impetus of  process control. 
∙ Feedback control first appeared in 1774 with the development of the fly – ball governor for steam engine

control, and the concept of proportional, derivative, and integral control during World War I. 
∙ World War II saw the start of the revolution in the electronics industry, which has just about revolutionized

everything else. Industrial process control is now highly refined with computerized controls, automation,  and
accurate semiconductor.  
 PROCESS CONTROL
PROCESS CONTROL CAN TAKE TWO FORMS:  
 
Sequential Control. An event-
based process in which one event 
follows another until a process
sequence is complete.

 Assembly Line Process 

- An assembly line is a
production process that breaks the
manufacture of a good into steps
that are completed in a pre-defined
sequence. Assembly lines are the
most used method in the mass
production of products.
SEQUENTIAL
CONTROL :  
 

 Conveyor Systems
- A conveyor system is a
common piece of mechanical
handling equipment that moves
materials from one location to
another. Conveyors are
especially useful in applications
involving the transport of heavy
or bulky materials. 
 SEQUENTIAL
CONTROL :  
 
 Industrial Robots
 - Industrial robots are
increasingly being integrated in
order to save time and space, as
well as improving cleanliness
and safety. 
 Food manufacturing robots are
commonly used in the
dispensing, feed placement,
cutting, packaging or casing of
food, pick-and-placing products
into containers, and sorting. 
 SEQUENTIAL
CONTROL :  
 

 Power Protection System 

 The objective of a protection scheme is
to keep the power system stable by
isolating only the components that are
under fault, whilst leaving as much of
the network as possible still in
operation
 SEQUENTIAL CONTROL :  
 
 Motor Starting Control

- A motor starter provides defense

by first controlling the electrical
output of your device or
equipment at its initial point of
operation (when you turn it on, or
it engages). From that point, the
starter continues to protect your
system, operating as a fail-safe. If
the electrical output or current
exceeds the “safe limit” of your
starter, the motor starter will
deactivate the equipment in
question. 
PROCESS CONTROL 

 2. Continuous Control. Requires continuous monitoring and adjustment of the process variables. However, continuous process

control comes in many  forms, as domestic water heaters and heating, ventilation and air conditioning  (HVAC), where the

variable temperature is not required to be measured with  great precision, and complex industrial process control applications,

such as in  the petroleum or chemical industry, where many variables have to be measured simultaneously with great precision.

 Even the shortest unplanned shutdown can be an expensive event in a continuous operation. Control systems must be able

to quickly respond to changes from steady state and the controls for each process step must be tightly integrated to keep

your process online.

 https://www.google.com/search?
q=assembly+line+process+in+the+field+of+Food+Industry.&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj2spD71qPtAhUKhJQKHe8zA60Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=assembly+line+process+in+the+field+of+Food+Industry.&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1DD8gRY67IFYIi2BWgCcAB4AIABWogBqA6SA
QIyM5gBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=D3HBX7bvA4qI0gTv54zoCg&bih=625&biw=1366
 https://www.google.com/search?q=conveyor+systems+in+the+field+of+Food+Industry.&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiApr-
s2KPtAhUMHKYKHcmRBO4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=conveyor+systems+in+the+field+of+Food+Industry.&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1DqFljISGCtT2gAcAB4AIABbYgBxAmSAQQxNC4y
mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=g3LBX8DYAYy4mAXJo5LwDg&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=Fi1AASKkgAH1iM
 https://www.google.com/search?q=Industrial+Robots+in+the+field+of+Food+Industry.&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwir3u-x2KPtAhWlI6YKHYaHCNoQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Industrial+Robots+in+the+field+of+Food+Industry.&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1Cc8x9YnPMfYL2BIGgAcAB4AIABUIgBUJIBATGYA
QCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=jnLBX6vfEqXHmAWGj6LQDQ&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=3li3KCDBCcBBcM
 https://www.google.com/search?q=Motor+Starting+Control
%C2%A0+in+the+field+of+Food+Industry.&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjD4uL32qPtAhUK35QKHQYlAJ0Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Motor+Starting+Control
%C2%A0+in+the+field+of+Food+Industry.&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1DCugdYwroHYM7DB2gAcAB4AIABU4gBU5IBATGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l
6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=OXXBX4PiLoq-0wSGyoDoCQ&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=QwUqdDGUbuc3AM
 https://www.robots.com/articles/advantages-of-robots-in-food-manufacturing#:~:text=Industrial%20robots%20are%20increasingly%20being,products%20
into%20containers%2C%20and%20sorting
.
 https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=15174

 https://www.ace-net.com/services/continuous-process-control.html