Eng / Ahmed Hassan Abd El-halim

Wide Area Network

WAN

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 WAN Overview

DTE = Data Terminal Equipment.

DCE = Data Communications Equipment.
CPE = Customer Premises Equipment.
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WAN Overview

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WAN Connection Types

1- Leased Line :
–The link is available all the time , with all the dedicated bandwidth.
–No call setup procedures before transmitting data.
–Only support point-to-point connection.
–Expensive ( Fixed Cost ).

2- Circuit Switching :
–The link is available but only for the duration of call.
–Need call setup procedures before transmitting data.
–Only support point-to-point connection.
–Cheaper when connectivity is not needed all the time ( Variable Cost ).
–Useful for backup connection.
–Example : Analog Dial-up Connection ( MODEM )
Digital Dial-up Connection ( ISDN )

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WAN Connection Types

3- Packet Switching :
–The Router is connected to a Telco ( Telephone Company ) using a single physical
line with the possibility of being able to forward traffic to all other sites.
–Support point-to-multi-point connection ( Virtual Circuit ).
–Example : Frame Relay ( FR )

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Leased Line

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Circuit Switching

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WAN Protocols

HDLC ( High level Data Link Control Protocol )

It is the default encapsulation on serial interfaces of Cisco routers.

Router (config-if) # encapsulation hdlc

- Per Vendor Protocol. - Has no options.

PPP ( Point-to-Point Protocol )

It is a standard protocol.

Router (config-if) # encapsulation ppp

PPP options:
1- Compression. 2- Callback.
3- Multi-Link. 4- Authentication ( PAP & CHAP )

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HDLC and Cisco HDLC

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Configuring HDLC Encapsulation

RouterX(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc

 Enables Cisco HDLC encapsulation

 Uses the default encapsulation on synchronous serial
interfaces

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PPP

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An Overview of PPP

PPP can carry packets from several protocol suites

using NCP.
PPP controls the setup of several link options using LCP.

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Enable PPP Encapsulation

RouterX(config-if)# encapsulation ppp

 Enables PPP encapsulation

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 PPP Configuration Example

hostname left Hostname right

! !
int serial 0 int serial 0
ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip address 10.0.1.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp encapsulation ppp

hostname
!
int serial 0
ip address 10.0.1.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp itef

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 Verifying the HDLC and PPP
Encapsulation Configuration
RouterX# show interface s0/0/0
Serial0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is HD64570
Internet address is 10.140.1.2/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
LCP Open
Open: IPCP, CDPCP
Last input 00:00:05, output 00:00:05, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
38021 packets input, 5656110 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 23488 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
38097 packets output, 2135697 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 6045 interface resets
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
482 carrier transitions
DCD=up DSR=up DTR=up RTS=up CTS=up

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PPP Authentication Protocols

PAP ( Password Authentication Protocol )

Username & Password are sent in a clear text to the destination.

CHAP ( Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol )

Using one-way hash function based on the Message Digest 5 (MD5).

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 Frame Relay
Frame Relay is data link layer ( Layer 2 ).
FR is a packet switching technology.
FR support Multiple Access technology depending on the concept of
Virtual Circuit ( VC )
Virtual Circuit : is a logical connection between two devices.

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Selecting a Frame Relay Topology

Frame Relay default: NBMA

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Frame Relay

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Configuring Basic Frame Relay

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 Frame Relay
Data Link Connection Identifier ( DLCI )
Each VC has a unique local address called DLCI.
DLCI is locally significant.

Local Management Interface ( LMI )

Signaling protocol between Router & FR Switch ( Keep alive & VC Status ).
LMI is locally significant.

LMI Types
1- Cisco ( Default on Cisco Devices )
2- Q933a ( Standard )
3- Ansi ( American )

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Frame Relay Signaling

Cisco supports three LMI standards:

 Cisco
 ANSI T1.617 Annex D
 ITU-T Q.933 Annex A

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Configuring Frame Relay Multipoint
Subinterfaces

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 Frame Relay Topology

Frame Relay default: NBMA

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Resolving NBMA Reachability Issues

Split horizon can cause problems in NBMA environments.

 Solution: subinterfaces
 A single physical interface simulates multiple logical interfaces.

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©
© 2005, Cisco Systems,
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Inc. All
All rights
rights reserved.
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