DISCIPLINE S & I DE A S

IN THE
SOCIAL S C I E N C E S
 SOCIAL SCIENCES
• SCIENCE OF STUDYING SOCIETY.
• ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES WHICH DEAL WITH THE MAN IN THEIR SOCIAL CONTEXT.
• SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN ITS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
ASPECTS.
 AL SC I EN CE AS ST U DY O F
SOCI
SOCIETY
WHY DO YOU THINK THIS PHENOMENON HAPPENS & WHAT
FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THIS?
 “EVERYDAY LIFE”

• A PATTERN OF ACTIVITIES OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE WITHIN A SOCIETY.

• A GOOD SOURCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE STRUCTURES OF PEOPLE’S LIVES,
WORLDVIEW, AND INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS & STRUGGLES
 STRUCTURES THAT SHAPE PEOPLE’S LIVING
CONDITIONS:

•GEOGRAPHIC AREA •POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

•SOCIAL STATUS •ETHNIC GROUPING
•HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE •RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION
•ECONOMIC FORCES •POWER RELATIONS
• SOCIAL SCIENCES SEE STRUCTURES EITHER FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF VISIBLE,
CONCRETE, & EMPIRICAL INTERACTIONS OF PEOPLE (TRADITIONS & RITUALS) OR
FROM THE VANTAGE POINT OF VIEW OF THE MIND.
• SOCIAL SCIENCES HELP US STUDY OUR OWN SOCIETY WHILE EXAMINING
OURSELVES AND THE COMMUNITY WHERE WE BELONG.
• SOCIAL SCIENCES HELP IN PROVIDING NECESSARY PERSPECTIVE AND
METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR US TO UNDERSTAND THE REALITIES AROUND US.
• PART OF ITS AGENDA IS TO IDENTIFY WHAT COMPROMISES SOCIETY.
SOCIAL COMMENTARIES & OBSERVATIONS

• FRAMED FROM QUESTIONS PERTINENT TO SPECIFIC REALITIES & EXPERIENCES

THAT FORCE US TO RETHINK & REORIENT OURSELVES IN DEALING WITH PEOPLE &
SOCIETY IN GENERAL.
• NEED NOT BLUNT OR STRAIGHTFORWARD & COULD BE ARTISTIC AND SYMBOLIC.
SOCIETY AND NATURE
Nature Urban Society
NATURE
• CONJURES AN IMAGE OF RANDOM & UNSTRUCTURED FORCES THAT SHAPE A GIVEN AREA.
Unrestrained and ever dynamic

Follow a general pattern, law, or process since the world existed.

Follow an amazing uniformity which enables us to track what happened in the past by
looking at what is happening in the present.
NATURAL SCIENCE
• SCIENCE OF NATURE
• DEVELOPED SOPHISTICATED WAYS ON HOW TO INVESTIGATE NATURE
• HOW TO LEARN MORE ABOUT IT
• DISCOVER ITS SECRETS
• IDENTIFYING UNDERLYING UNIVERSAL LAWS
 PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANTLY CHANGING EARTH

SCIENCE DRAWS FROM THE BELIEF THAT KNOWLEDGE IS NOT INHERENT FROM
SACRED SCRIPTURES BUT COMES FROM A KEEN OBSERVATION OF THE
SURROUNDINGS & APPRECIATION OF THE FACT THAT INFORMATION ABOUT LIFE
CAN BE LEARNED THROUGH A RIGOROUS MENTAL & METHODICAL PROCESS
KNOWN AS SCIENTIFIC METHOD”
SCIENCE BELIEVES THAT THE “TRUTH” HAS ALWAYS BEEN EXISTING & IT ONLY
NEEDS TO BE DISCOVERED & REVEALED THROUGH A WELL-DEFINED SYSTEM OF
UNDERSTANDING.
SOCIETY

• CONTRAST TO THE PRECEDING IMAGERY OF NATURE

• ORGANIZED, DELIBERATELY STRUCTURED AND FORMALIZED, & BOUND BY
RULES DRAFTED & IMPLEMENTED BY THE PEOPLE WHO CONSTITUTE
SOCIETY.
WESTERN THEORISTS BELIEFS ON SOCIETY

• “PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES” ARE TRADITION- & PREHISTORY-BOUND WHICH CONTRAST AN

INDUSTRIAL, URBANIZED SOCIETY.

• “WESTERN SOCIETIES” ARE MODERN AND CIVILIZED

FACTORS THAT CATEGORIZE THIS INCLUDE THE TYPE OF GOVERNMENT, ECONOMIC SYSTEM, VALUES
SYSTEM, AND ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE , RELIGION, TECHNOLOGY, ETC.
RATIONALIZATION
Max Weber

INSIDE SOCIETY, HUMAN ACTIONS, BEHAVIORS, PATTERNS OF ACTIVITIES, & DECISION

MAKING WERE DONE IN A MORE EFFICIENT, LEGAL, & LOGICAL MANNER, WHICH MAXIMIZES THE
FULLEST POTENTIAL OF SOCIETY ITSELF & MINIMIZES LOSS OF RESOURCES.

RATIONAL MIND
• IMPOSES CONTROL & ORDER IN SOCIETY
CAPITALISM
• EPITOME OF INCREASING RATIONALIZATION AMONG HUMANS LIVING IN
SOCIETY BECAUSE IT MAXIMIZES, FOR EXAMPLE, THE FULL BENEFIT FROM
THE PRODUCTION OF A COMMODITY AS IT EXCELLENTLY USE ECONOMICS &
STREAMLINED ORGANIZATION.

Capitalism is an economic and political system which a country’s trade

& industry are controlled by private owners for profit , rather by the state.

rationalization
THE GOVERNMENT

• ALSO A GOOD ILLUSTRATION OF RATIONALIZATION BECAUSE OF ITS VARIOUS

INTERDEPENDENT BUREAUCRACIES WORKING TOGETHER UNDER A COMMON
GOAL & DIRECTION.

rationalization