Dr.

AKASH MOHANTY,
Associate Professor
Department of Design and Automation
School of Mechanical Engineering
VIT University, Vellore- 632014, India
Email id: mohanty@vit.ac.in
Don’t blindly depends only on the class
notes, refer Text Book also. Because
this subject requires the synthesis and
analysis of your brain power.
“Take notes while you are in class lecture hours because I
will check your notes accidentally at any point of time”
 Subject Taught
B.Tech.
B.Tech M.Tech. (CAD/CAM)
• Applied Mechanics • Advanced Strength of
(1 Semester) Materials (1 Semester)
• Strength of Materials • Mechanics of Composite
(9 Semester, 20 Times) Materials (3 Semester)
• Fracture Mechanics and
Fatigue Failures
(3 Semester)
• Applied Materials
Engineering (1 Semester)

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 Class Note
• Ganga Xerox: Serial No:
Don’t Do it
 1 Date for the Submission of
st

Practice Note Notebook of SOM

IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS
• Attend all the classes (100% attendance)
• Purchase a note book of 200 pages for
practice the purpose.
• Maintain regularity in the study.
• Be punctual in every class.
• Prepare a summary of every class.
• Focus on concepts.
• Ask you doubt as and when you need.
 Don’t try to solve the
engineering problems

LIKE THIS
Because by nature, all these are very easy to
solve by using fundamental principles only.
Never try to solve engineering
problems like this

Engineering Problem
 Syllabus
• Definition/derivation of normal stress,
shear stress, and normal strain and shear
strain – Stress-strain diagram- Elastic
constants – Poisson’s ratio – relationship
between elastic constants and Poisson’s
ratio – Generalised Hook’s law – Strain
energy – Deformation of simple and
compound bars – thermal stresses.
 GATE 2019
• Mechanics of Materials: Stress and strain,
elastic constants, Poisson's ratio; Mohr’s circle
for plane stress and plane strain; thin cylinders;
shear force and bending moment diagrams;
bending and shear stresses; deflection of
beams; torsion of circular shafts; Euler’s theory
of columns; energy methods; thermal stresses;
strain gauges and rosettes; testing of materials
with universal testing machine; testing of
hardness and impact strength.
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
• 1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
• 1.2.2 Stress and strength
• 1.2.3 Strain
• 1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
• 1.2.5 Flexural loads
• 1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
• 1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
• 1.2.8 Creep
 Gravity and Mass
The mass of an object is defined from its
acceleration when a force is applied, i.e. from
the equation F = Ma, not from gravity.
Gravity is normally the largest force acting on a
structure. The gravitational force on a mass M
is:
F = Mg
where g = 9.81 m/ s 2

The gravitational force on an object is called its

weight. Thus an object will have a weight of
9.81N per kg of mass
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
• 1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
• 1.2.2 Stress and strength
• 1.2.3 Strain
• 1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
• 1.2.5 Flexural loads
• 1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
• 1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
• 1.2.8 Creep
 Types of strength
In engineering the term strength is always
defined and is probably one of the
following
         Compressive strength
          Tensile strength
          Shear strength
depending on the type of loading.
 Forces

This cylinder is
Compressio
This cylinder
is in Tension
in compression
n, tension,
bending
and shear

Flexural (bending)
stress
Shear
Stress
Tension and Compression
Testing for strength
 Stress
This is a measure of the internal resistance
in a material to an externally applied load.
For direct compressive or tensile loading
the stress is designated  and is defined
as:

load W
stress  =
area A
Types of stress

Compressive load
Tensile load

Compressive Tensile
stress Stress

Compressive load
Tensile load
 Shear Stress
Similarly in shear the shear stress  is a
measure of the internal resistance of a
material to an externally applied shear load.
The shear stress is defined as:

load W
shear stress  =
area resisting shear A
 Shear stress
Area resisting
shear

Shear Force

Shear force
 Ultimate Strength
The strength of a material is a measure of
the stress that it can take when in use. The
ultimate strength is the measured stress at
failure but this is not normally used for
design because safety factors are required.
The normal way to define a safety factor is : 

stress at failure Ultimate stress

safety factor = 
stress when loaded Permissible stress
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
• 1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
• 1.2.2 Stress and strength
• 1.2.3 Strain
• 1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
• 1.2.5 Flexural loads
• 1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
• 1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
• 1.2.8 Creep
 Strain
We must also define strain. In engineering this
is not a measure of force but is a measure of
the deformation produced by the influence of
stress. For tensile and compressive loads:

Strain is dimensionless, i.e. it is not measured

in metres, killogrammes etc.
shear displacement x
shear strain  
  width L
For shear loads the strain is defined as the
angle  This is measured in radians
 Shear stress and strain
Area resisting
shear
Shear displacement (x)

Shear Force

L Shear strain is angle 

Shear force
 Units of stress and strain
• The basic unit for Force and Load is the Newton (N)
which is equivalent to kg m/s2. One kilogramme (kg)
weight is equal to 9.81 N. 
• In industry the units of stress are normally Newtons per
square millimetre (N/mm2) but this is not a base unit for
calculations.
• The MKS unit for pressure is the Pascal. 1 Pascal = 1
Newton per square metre
• Pressure and Stress have the same units 1 MPa = 1
N/mm2
• Strain has no dimensions. It is expressed as a
percentage or in microstrain (s).
• A strain of 1 s is an extension of one part per million.
A strain of 0.2% is equal to 2000 s
Measuring: Strain =
extension/length
 Elastic and Plastic deformation

Stress Stress

Strain Strain
Permanent
Deformation

Elastic deformation Plastic deformation

 Energy absorbed

Stress
(force)
Area = average stress 
final strain
= Energy absorbed
= work done

Strain (distance)
Final strain
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
• 1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
• 1.2.2 Stress and strength
• 1.2.3 Strain
• 1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
• 1.2.5 Flexural loads
• 1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
• 1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
• 1.2.8 Creep
 Modulus of Elasticity
If the strain is "elastic" Hooke's law may be used to
define
Stress W L
Youngs Modulus E = = 
Strain x A
Young's modulus is also called the modulus of
elasticity or stiffness and is a measure of how
much strain occurs due to a given stress. Because
strain is dimensionless Young's modulus has the
units of stress or pressure
Initial Tangent and Secant
Modulus
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
• 1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
• 1.2.2 Stress and strength
• 1.2.3 Strain
• 1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
• 1.2.5 Flexural loads
• 1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
• 1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
• 1.2.8 Creep
Flexural Strength

Load W

d=depth
Compression region
Tension region
b=breadth

Span L

deflection x
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
• 1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
• 1.2.2 Stress and strength
• 1.2.3 Strain
• 1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
• 1.2.5 Flexural loads
• 1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
• 1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
• 1.2.8 Creep
1.2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
• 1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
• 1.2.2 Stress and strength
• 1.2.3 Strain
• 1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
• 1.2.5 Flexural loads
• 1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
• 1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
• 1.2.8 Creep
 Poisson’s Ratio
• This is a measure of the amount by which a solid
"spreads out sideways" under the action of a
load from above. It is defined as:
(lateral strain) / (vertical or linear strain)
and is dimensionless.
• Note that a material like timber which has a
"grain direction" will have a number of different
Poisson's ratios corresponding to loading and
deformation in different directions.
 Range of Poison’s Ratio
• The Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic
material cannot be less than −1.0 nor greater than 0.5
due to the requirement that Young's modulus, the
shear modulus and bulk modulus have positive
values. Most materials have Poisson's ratio values
ranging between 0.0 and 0.5. A perfectly incompressible
material deformed elastically at small strains would have
a Poisson's ratio of exactly 0.5. Most steels and rigid
polymers when used within their design limits (before
yield) exhibit values of about 0.3, increasing to 0.5 for
post-yield deformation (which occurs largely at constant
volume.) Rubber has a Poisson ratio of nearly 0.5.
 Negative Poisson's Ratio
• Auxetics are structures or materials that have a negative
Poisson's ratio. When stretched, they become thicker
perpendicular to the applied force. This occurs due to
their particular internal structure and the way this
deforms when the sample is uniaxially loaded. Auxetics
can be single molecules, crystals, or a particular
structure of macroscopic matter. Such materials and
structures are expected to have mechanical properties
such as high energy absorption and fracture resistance.
Auxetics may be useful in applications such as body
armor,[1] packing material, knee and elbow pads, robust
shock absorbing material, and sponge mops
• Negative Poisson's ratio materials
• Some materials known as auxetic materials display a
negative Poisson’s ratio. When subjected to positive strain
in a longitudinal axis, the transverse strain in the material
will actually be positive (i.e. it would increase the cross
sectional area). For these materials, it is usually due to
uniquely oriented, hinged molecular bonds. In order for
these bonds to stretch in the longitudinal direction, the
hinges must ‘open’ in the transverse direction, effectively
exhibiting a positive strain.[7] This can also be done in a
structured way and lead to new aspects in material design
as for Mechanical Metamaterials
• Auxetics are materials that have a negative
Poisson's ratio. When stretched, they become thicker
perpendicular to the applied force. This occurs due to
their hinge-like structures, which flex when stretched.
Auxetic materials can be single molecules or a particular
structure of macroscopic matter. Such materials are
expected to have mechanical properties such as high
energy absorption and fracture resistance. Auxetics may
be useful in applications such as body armor,[1] packing
material, knee and elbow pads, robust shock absorbing
material, and sponge mops.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=vdkYuLsT7Sc
 How to calculate deflection if the proof stress is
applied and then partially removed.
If a sample is loaded up to the 0.2% proof stress and then unloaded to a
stress s
the strain x = 0.2% + s/E where E is the Young’s modulus
Yield
Plastic

0.2% proof stress

Failure

Proof Stress: Load per unit area that

s
a structure can withstand without
Stress being permanently deformed by more
than a specified amount.
The equivalent of yield stress in
materials which have no clearly
defined yield point

0.2% Strain

0.002 s/E
Definition/derivation of normal
stress, shear stress
 Stress
• Stress is a measure of the internal forces
acting within a deformable body.
• Resistance to an axially loaded bar
 Normal Stress
• Fn = Normal or axial force
• A = Areas normal to the application of
force
• Σavg. = Average normal stress or STRESS
 Shear Stress
• Γavg. = Average Shear Stress
• Fs = Force acting parallel to the cross
section
• A = Area of cross section of the resisting
section
Shear Failure
Normal Strain
Shear Strain
Visualization of the effect of Shear
Stress
Stress Strain Diagram
 Stress–Strain curve of typical
structural steel

• 1. Ultimate Strength
2. Yield Strength
3. Rupture
4. Strain hardening region
5. Necking region.
A: Apparent stress (F/A0)
B: Actual stress (F/A)
 Hook’s Law

• With in the elastic limit, the applied

stress(σ) is directly proportional to strain
(ε).
• The proportionality constant is called
“Young’s Modulus” (E or Y)
 TOUGHNESS: Energy absorbed
before failure; area under the curve
 SEM Image of
Atom and
Molecule/Grains
SEM Image
Distortion due to axial pulling
 VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
• When a member is subjected to stresses,
it undergoes deformation in all directions.
Hence, there will be change in volume.
The ratio of the change in volume to
original volume is called volumetric strain.
• In general for any shape volumetric strain
may be taken as sum of strains in three
mutually perpendicular directions.
The volumetric strain is sum of strains in
three mutually perpendicular directions.

Let us consider a bar of length L,

breadth b and depth d as shown in Fig.
Let us consider a circular rod of length L
and diameter ‘d’ as shown in Fig.
Volumetric Strain of a Sphere
 Volumetric Strain
• Volumetric strain of a rectangular body when one axial
force will act 
V x  2
 1 
V E  M
• Volumetric strain of a rectangular body when three axial
force will act in x, y and z direction V  x   y   z   2 
   1  
V  E   m
• Volumetric strain of cylindrical body
V  d  l
 2   
V  d  l
• Volumetric strain of sphere
V  D 
 3  
V  D 
 Stress ( )
Young ' s _ Modulus( E ) 
Strain( )
Shear _ Stress ( )
Modulus _ of _ Rigidity(G ) 
Shear _ Strain( )
Stress ( )
Bulk _ Modulus( K ) 
V
Volumetric _ Strain( )
V
d 
Lateral _ Strain(  )
Poisson' s _ Ratio  d m* E
l 
Linear _ Strain(   )
l E

V   x   y   z  2
Volumetric _ Strain    1  
V  E  m 
 Elastic Constants

• Young’s Modulus (E or Y)
• Modulus of Rigidity (G)
• Bulk Modulus (K)
1
• Poisson’s Ratio ( or m )
http://www.efunda.com/formulae/solid_mechanics/mat_mechanics/
calc_elastic_constants.cfm
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Let us draw a perpendicular from B to B’D
BB’N and DOC are similar
But,
We know that,
IMP Relationship
 2
E  3 K 1  
 m
 1
E  2G1  
 m

9GK
E
G  3K
 Problems 1
• A concrete cylinder of diameter 150 mm
and length 300 mm when subjected to an
axial compressive load of 240 kN resulted
in an increase of diameter by 0.0127 mm
an a decrease in length of 0.28 mm.
Compute the value of Poisson’s and
modulus of elasticity E, G and K.
 Problems 2
• For a given material, Young’s modulus is
110 GN/m2 and shear modulus is 42
GN/m2. Find the Bulk modulus and lateral
contraction of a round bar of 37.5 mm
diameter and 2.4 m length when stretched
2.5 mm axially.
 Strain Energy or Resilience
• When the material
will be loaded, work
will be done.
• This amount of work
will be stored in the
material and called as
“STRAIN ENERGY”
or “RESILEANCE”.
 Strain Energy or Resilience
• The potential energy stored in a body by
virtue of an elastic deformation, equal to
the work that must be done to produce this
deformation.

2

S .E.   Volume
2E
• Proof Resilience: This is the maximum
amount of energy stored within the elastic
limit.
• Modulus of Resilience: This is the ratio
of Proof Resilience per the unit volume.
 Loading conditions
1. Gradually applied
2. Suddenly applied
3. Falling from a height (Impact Loading)
Gradually Applied Load
Suddenly Applied Load
 Impact Loading

2
P P 2E  P  h
    
A  A A L
 Stress due to Impact loading
• Gradually applied load   Load ( P)
Area ( A)

• Suddenly applied load P

 2
A
• Impact loading
2
P P 2E  P  h
    
A  A A L
 Problems: Problem No 13,
S. Ramamurutham (Modified)
• An object of weight 100 N
(i) Applied gradually
(ii) Applied suddenly
(iii) Falls by gravity form a vertical
distance of 5m and suddenly
stopped by a collar at the end
of the vertical rod of length 10m
and 20 mm dia. The top of the
bar is rigidly fixed to a support.
Calculate the maximum stress
an strain induced in the bar due
to the impact. Take E = 2 x 105
N/mm2.(Ans: 252 .6, 0.001263)
 Type-1

Calculations to find the change in

length

Simple Cases
Stepped Bar
Load - Extension Diagram
 Hooke’s Law
• Within the PROPERTIONAL LIMIT,
Formula to find the change in length
P L
l 
A E
• P = Applied Load
• L = Length of the section in which the
change in length will be calculated
• A = Area normal to the direction of the
application of the load
• E = Young’s Modulus
Category I
 Category II

A = 1000 mm2,
E = 1.05 x 105 N/mm2
Calculate the total change in length?
ΔL = ΔL AB + ΔL BC + ΔL CD
 Category III
Finding the unknown force
Determine the total elongation of the
bar
• Area AB= 625 mm , L= 1200 mm
2

• Area BC = 2500 mm2, L = 600 mm

• Area CD = 1250 mm2, L = 900 mm
• E = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2

• Ans. = 0.5 mm extension

Category IV
Recall: Formula to find the change in length
PL
l 
A E
• P = Applied Load
• L = Length of the section in which the
change in length will be calculated
• A = Area normal to the direction of the
application of the load
• E = Young’s Modulus
Category V
Category VI
 Problem
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB
and CD as shown in Figure. Link AB is made of
aluminium (E = 70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional
area of 500 mm2; link CD is made of steel (E= 200
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 600 mm 2.
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection (a) of B, (b) of D, (c) of E.
Answer:
FAB = - 60 kN
FCD = 90 kN
LAB = 0.514 mm
LCD = 0.3 mm
x = 126.3 mm
LE = 1.928 mm
Category VII
Category VIII
Category IX
BAR OF UNIFORM STRENGTH

A1 L
log 
A2 
ELONGATION OF
THE BAR DUE
TO IT’S SELF
WEIGHT

2
L
l 
2E
Extension of taper rod/bar
Elongation of Circular Taper Bar
 Problems
1) If a tension test bar is found to be taper from
(D + a) mm diameter to (D – a) mm diameter,
prove that the error involved in using the mean
diameter to calculate the Young’s Modulus is
10 a 
2
percent.
 D 
2) The bar A having width 4 mm through out its
length and thickness is 2 mm. The bar B
having constant thickness 2 mm but the width
taper from 6 mm to 2 mm for a axial tensile
load P. If both the bar elongate equally,
determine the ratio of their length assuming
both bars are made of same material.
ELONGATION OF TAPER BAR

PL a
L  log e
Et (a  b) b
BARS OF COMPOSITE SECTION
Category composite
THREE BAR SYSTEM
Composite Bar
 Problem No 60 SR
• A vertical load “W” is applied on a rigid
plate supported on three vertical concrete
pillar each 250 mm X 250 mm in section.
Initially the outer pillars are 1.75 m height
while the middle pillar is 0.35 mm shorter.
Find the safe load “W” if the stress in
concrete shall not exceed 3.5 N/mm2.
Take E = 12500 N/mm2.
 Problem 47 (Ramamrutham)
• A load of 400 kN is applied on a short concrete
column 250 mm X 250 mm. The column is
reinforced with steel bars of total area 2512
mm2. If the modulus of elasticity for steel is 18
times that of concrete, find the stress in concrete
and steel.
• If the stress in the concrete shall not exceed 4
N/mm2, find the area of steel required so that the
column may support a load of 500 kN.
 Equivalent Area of Compound
Section
Let A = Gross area of the column
As = Area of the Steel
Ac = Net area of concrete = (A – As)
σs and σc are the stress in Steel and
Concrete
1. Strain in Steel = Strain in Concrete
s c
 or,  s  m c
Es E c
ES
Where m called “Modular Ratio”
EC
2. Total Load on column = Load taken by steel rods + Load taken by concrete
P P
 s As   c Ac  P c  
A  (m  1) As Ae
Ae = Equivalent area of Concrete
TEMPERATURE STRESS
 TEMPERATURE STRESS
If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no load or
stress will be induced in the structure. If the deformation due to the
change of temperature is prevented then, an internal stress is
induced. The internal stress is termed as THERMAL STRESS.

l  l    (T f  Ti )  l    t
l = Length of the bar at the room temperature
Δl = Change in length
 = coefficient of thermal expansion in per oC.
Ti = Initial temperature of the body
Tf = Final temperature of the body
ΔT = Change in temperature
http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/
thermal-stress

l L    T
 temp      T
L L
l
A Story for you: Once upon a time………
 Composite Case
• Steel bar is placed between the two copper
bars
• When the temperature of the assembly is
raised by 300 oC, the length of the assembly is
increased by 1.5 mm.
• Determine the original length and final stress in
the bars
0 5 N
 s  0.000012 _ per C ; E s  2.1  10
mm 2
0 5 N
 c  0.0000175 _ per C ; E c  1  10
mm 2
 Problem 78 SR
• A steel bar is placed between two copper bars
each having the same area and length as the
steel bars at 15 0C. at this stage they are rigidly
connected together at both the ends. When the
temperature is raised to 315 0C, the length of the
bars increased by 1.5 mm. Determine the
original length and final stresses in the bars.
• Take Es = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2; Ec = 1 x 105 N/mm2
• αs = 0.000012 per 0C; αc = 0.0000175 per 0C
Problem:2 L   C  T

L   S  T

 Problem:1
Diameter of steel rod= 15 mm
Diameter of Copper TUBE =
40 mm I. D. And 50 mm O. D.
Rise of Temp. is 60 degree
Calculate the stress developed in
each
5 N 5 N
E s  2.1  10 2
; E c  1.05  10
mm mm 2
6 0 6 0
 s  12  10 per C ; c  17.5  10 per C ;  c  s
 Combined
Case- 1
SR 79
• Diameter of Steel rod = 12 mm
• Diameter of Copper tube = 48 mm OD, 36 mm I D
• The nuts are tightened until the copper tube length
is reduced by 0.508 mm, Original Length = 2.5 m
• Then the assembly temperature is raised by 60
degree C.
• Calculate the stress in copper and steel before and
after raising the temperature
• Assume that the thickness of the tube remains
unchanged.  s  1.2  10 5 per 0C ;  c  1.75  10 5 per 0C
N N
E s  2.1  10 5 ; E c  1. 05  10 5

mm 2 mm 2
 Problem 77 SR
• A gun metal rod 22 mm diameter screwed at the ends
passes through a steel tube 25 mm and 30 mm internal
and external diameters. The temperature of the
assembly is raised to 126 0C and the nuts on the rod are
then screwed lightly on the ends of the tube. Find the
intensity of the stress in the rod and the tube when the
common temperature has fallen to 16 0C.
• αS = 12 X 10-6 per 0C
• αGun metal = 20 X 10 -6per 0C
• Es = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2
• EGun metal = 0.94 x 105 N/mm2
 Gap at the end

l   L    T  
 temp  
L L
 Problem 58 R. K. Rajput
• A compound bar is made-up by connecting a steel
stepped bar and a copper bar rigidly fixed at both
of their ends. The cross-sectional area of the
copper bar and first half of the length of steel bar
is A m2 and the remaining half length of the steel
bar is twice of the adjacent part. The coefficient of
expansion of steel is α and that of copper is 1.3α.
The elastic moduli of steel is E and for copper is
0.5 E. Estimate the stress induced in the members
due to rise of “t” degrees in temperature.
 Problem 59 R. K. Rajput
• Two steel rods, one of 75 mm diameter and the other of
55 mm diameter, are joined end to end by means of a
turn buckle. The other end of each rod is rigidly fixed and
there is initially a negligible amount of tension in the
rods. If the effective length of each rod is 4.5 m, find the
increase in the tension in these rods when the turn
buckle is turned by one-quarter of a turn. On one end of
the bigger diameter rod there are 0.15 threads per mm ,
while there are 0.2 threads per mm length on the other
rod. Neglect the extension of the turn buckle, find also
what rise in temperature would nullify the increase in
tension. E = 200 GN/m2, and α = 0.000012 per oC.
 Turn Buckle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnkqCpc9DIs
 Problem No 82 SR
• The composite bars consisting of steel and
aluminium components as shown in figure
is connected to two grips at the ends at
the temperature of 60 0C. Find the
stresses in the two rods when the
temperature falls to 20 0C. (i) if the ends
don’t yield, (ii) if the ends yields by 0.25
mm. See next slide
 N
5
Es  2 10
mm 2
N
5
 s  1.17 10
mm 2
As  250mm 2
5 N
Eal  0.7  10
mm 2
5 N
 al  2.34  10
mm 2
Aal  375mm 2
0
T  40 C _ Fall
 Problem 85 Ramamrutham
• A steel rod 40 mm in diameter is enclosed
by a copper tube of external diameter 50
mm and internal diameter 40 mm. A pin 25
mm in diameter is fitted transversely to the
assembly at each end as shown in the fig.
so as to secure the rod and tube. If the
temp. of the assembly is raised by 600 C.
Find the stress in the steel rod and copper
tube and the shear stress in the pin.
5 N N  S  1.2  10 5 _ per 0C
E S  2  10 EC  1  10 5
mm 2 mm 2  C  1.6  10 5 _ per 0C
 N 5N
5
E S  2  10 EC  1  10
mm 2 mm 2
5 0
 S  1.2  10 _ per C  C  1.6  10 5 _ per 0C
• RKR Pg 67: A brass rod of 6 mm
dia and 1 m long is joined at one Combined
end to a rod of steel 6 mm dia
and 1.3 m long. The compound Case- 2
rod is placed in a vertical position
with the steel rod at the top. The
top and bottom are connected to
the rigid support in such a way
that it is carrying tensile load of
3.5 kN.
An attachment is fixed at the
junction of the two rods and to
this a vertical axial load of 13 kN
is applied downwards as shown
in fig. Calculate the stresses in
steel and brass. If the temp. is
then raised through 300C
calculate the final stresses in
each member. Assume the
constants suitably.
 Severity of stress due to different
types of loading condition
• A bar is 1.5m long and 45 mm in diameter
hangs vertically has a collar attached to its
lower end. A load of 2000 N acts upon it.
Determine the maximum stress when
• (a) Load applied suddenly
• (b) Load applied gradually
• (c) Load fall from the 100 mm height
• Assume E = 210000 N/mm2
 Home work-1
• A bar of 20 mm diameter and 10 m long is
subjected to an axial pull of 50 kN. The
extension of the bar is found to be 0.1 mm,
while decrease in the diameter is found to
be 0.15 mm. Find the Young’s modulus,
Poisson’s ratio, rigidity modulus and bulk
modulus of the material of the bar.
 Home work-2
• An aluminium rod of 22 mm diameter
passes through a steel tube of 25 mm
internal diameter and 3 mm thick. The rod
and tube are fixed together at the ends at
a temperature of 30C. Find the stresses
in the rod and tube when the temperature
is raised to 150C.