Introduction To C Programming II

Subject : COMP6047
ALGORITHM AND PROGRAMMING

Year : 2019
Introduction to C Programming II
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, student will be able to:
• Define element and structure of C programming language (LO1
& LO2)
COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 2

Variable
• Identifier for storing data/information
• Each variable has its name, address (L-value), type, size and
data (R-value)
• Data or variable value can be modified at run time
• Declaration format:
<data type> <variable name>;
<data type> <variable name> = <initial value>;
• Example:
int a, b, c, total;
float salary, bonus;
int num_students = 20;

Variable
• Example:
address
char ch=65 Memory
ch 65 123456
Range of value:
name -128 – 127
value

Variable
• Variable Declaration:
– Variable can be declared at every statement block
– Block statement or compound statement is statement exists
between { and } sign
– Example:
int x;
int y;
int z;
or:
int x, y, z;
or:
int x; int y; int z;

Data Type
• In C, there are 5 data types and 4 modifiers
Data types:
– Character  char
– Integer  int
– Floating point  float
– Double floating point  double
– Void  void
Modifiers:
- signed
- unsigned
- long
- short

Data Type
• Data type in C is a combination of basic data type and its
modifier
Example:
signed char
unsigned int
long int
etc.

Data Type
DATA TYPE SYNTAX MEMORY RANGE
character char 1 byte -128 to 127
unsigned char 1 byte

Data type and its range on TURBO C 02.0
to 255
(DOS)
integer int 4 byte –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned int 4 byte 0 to 4,294,967,295
short int 2 byte –32,768 to 32,767
unsigned short int 2 byte 0 to 65,535
long int 4 byte –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned long int 4 byte 0 to 4,294,967,295
long long 8 byte –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to

9,223,372,036,854,775,807
unsigned long long 8 byte 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
float float 4 byte 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38
double 8 byte 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
long double 8 byte

COMP6047 - Algorithm 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
and Programming 8
Data Type
• Why char data range between -128 to 127 ?
• 1 Byte = 8-bit
00000000 to 01111111 (MSB=>0 = Positive value)
MSB = Most Significant Bit (most left)

10000000 to 11111111 (MSB=>1 = Negative value)
-128 -128 32 8 4 2 1
64 16
Total = -128 Total = -1
Data Type
• Beside used in function identifier type as no return value,
keyword void also used as data type in variable.
• Void data type: is data type that can be transform into any data
type (will be discussed later in pointer)

Casting
• Casting is a process to convert data type in C
• Syntax : (data type)
• Example :
int x;
float f = 3.134;
x = (int) f;
casting

Symbolic Constant
• Symbolic constant is an identifier which only have R-Value, and
its value is unchangeable at runtime
• Symbolic constant does not have address (L-Value)
• Symbolic constant declaration does not need memory allocation
• To declare symbolic constant, can be done by using pre-

processor directive #define or keyword const
• Example :
const float Pi=3.14;
#define Pi 3.14

Symbolic Constant
#define Pi 3.14 int main()
int main() {
{ const float Pi=3.14;
Pi=3.1475; //Error Pi=3.1475; //Error
return 0; return 0;
} }
#define Pi 3.14
int main()
{
float PHI=3.14;
PHI = 3.1475; //OK (variable)
Pi=3.1475; //Error
return 0;
}

Constant
Constant / symbolic constant does not have address (only value) and its value
can not be changed at run time.
Constant type:
 Integer constant  -5
 Floating-point constant  3.14
 Character constant  'C' '1' '$'
 Escape sequence  \n \t \''
 String constant  ''BiNus''
⑥ Symbolic constant  #define PHI 3.14
 const float PHI=3.14;
 'H‘ is a character constant
 ''H'‘ is a string constant
 1 is a integer constant
 '1‘ is a character constant
 const float Pi= 3.1415926; Pi is a symbolic constant

Program Example
• Addition of two numbers
Data has put on the memory. Result of the addition saved on
the memory (variable)
/* Addition Program */ /*comments */
int x,y,z; /*Global variable*/
int main()
{ /*start main program*/
x = 20; /*Statement 1*/
y = 30; /*Statement 2*/
z = x + y; /*Statement 3*/
return 0; /*Statement 4*/
} /*end of main program*/

Program Example
• Calculating area of a circle
Radius value input from keyboard. Print out the
result.
/*----------------------------------
Program circle area
----------------------------------*/
#include <stdio.h>
const float Pi = 3.14; /*Constant declaration*/
int main() /*start main program*/
{
float r; /*local variable*/
float area;
scanf(“%f”,&r); /*r input from keyboard*/
area = Pi * r * r;
printf(“ Circle area = %5.2f”, area); /*print out to screen*/
return (0);
} /*end of main program*/
Sizeof
• sizeof is an operator to find out size of a data

type in C language
• Syntax: sizeof expression
• Example :
sizeof(int) = 4 => Dev-V (Windows)
sizeof(int) = 2 => Turbo C ver 2.0 (DOS)

Suffix
• C provides suffix for floating point constant:
– F or f for float data type
– L or l for long double data type
– Default double data type
• Example :
– 3.14  (double)
– 3.14f  (float)
– 3.14L  (long double)

Suffix
• C provides suffix for a constant integer:
– U or u for unsigned integer
– L or l for long integer
– UL or ul or LU or lu for unsigned long integer
– Default integer
• Example :
– 174  (integer)
– 174u  (unsigned integer)
– 174L  (long integer)
– 174ul  (unsigned long integer)

Suffix
• Some compilers will give warning for differ in data type, as can be
seen from the following example Visual C++:
• Example :
float x;
x = 3.14;
warning: truncation from 'const double' to 'float’
• How to deal with the issue? You may use casting or suffix
float x;
x = (float)3.14; // casting
x = 3.14f;// or suffix

Suffix
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf(“Size of Floating Point Constant :\n");
printf(" – using suffix f = %d\n",sizeof(3.14f));
printf(" – without suffix = %d\n",sizeof(3.14));
printf(" – using suffix L = %d\n",sizeof(3.14L));
getch();
return 0;
}
Output:
Size of Floating Point Constant :
- using suffix f = 4
- without suffix = 8
- using suffix L = 12
Output Operation
• To show data on the display screen/monitor. Some of standard
library function in C :
printf();
putchar();
puts();
etc.

Output Operation: printf function
• To display some data on the standard output, using certain
format
• Standard output is the monitor.
• Syntax:
printf(const char *format[,argument, …]);
• Header file : stdio.h

Output Operation: printf() function
/* A first program in C */
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf (“Welcome to C!\n”);
}
/*Printing on one line with two printf statements*/

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
printf (“Welcome”);
printf (“to C!\n”);
return 0;
}
Output Formatting
• Output also has formatted specification:
%[flags][width][.precision] type
width : number of columns provided
type :
precision : digit number d –or- i : signed decimal
flags : o : unsigned octal
can be changed into: u : unsigned decimal
none : right justify x : unsigned hexadecimal
- : left justify f : floating point
- + : for positive & negative value e : floating point (exponent)
c : single character
s : string
% : % character
p : pointer
Output Formatting
• For long data type, add l at the front of data type:
– long double  ( “ %lf “)
– unsigned long int  ( “ %lu “)
– long int  ( “ %ld “)

Output Example
• Example 1:
printf (“%6d”, 34); ….34
printf (”%-6d”, 34); 34….
• Example 2
printf (“%10s”, “BINUS”); …..BINUS
printf (“%-10s”, “BINUS”); BINUS…..
printf (“%8.2f”, 3.14159 ); ….3.14
printf (“%-8.3f”, 3.14159 ); 3.141…

Output Example
• Example 3:
printf ("%c\n",65); // print A
printf ("%x\n",'A'); // print 41
printf ("%o\n",65); // print 101
printf ("%+d\n",34); // print +34
printf ("%+d\n",-45); // print -45
printf ("%e\n",3.14); // print 3.140000e+000

Output Example
• Example 4:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char ss[]="Selamat Datang";
printf("123456789012345678901234567890\n");
printf("%.10s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%10s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%-10s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%.20s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%20s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%-20s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%20.10s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%-20.10s di Binus\n",ss);
return 0;
}
Output Example
• Example 4:
Output:
123456789012345678901234567890
Selamat Da di Binus
Selamat Datang di Binus
Selamat Da di Binus
Selamat Da di Binus

Output Operation: putchar() function
• Syntax:
int putchar(int c)
• Functionality:
– Displaying character on the monitor at cursor position. After
display, cursor will move to the next position
– Return EOF if error, and return the displayed character after
successfully done
– putchar is a macro similar to : putc(c, stdout )
– Header File : stdio.h
• Example :
char ch=’A’;
putchar(ch);

Output Operation: puts() function
• Syntax:
int puts(const char *str);
• Functionality :
– Display string to the monitor and move the cursor to new line
– Return non-negative value when successful and EOF if error
– Header file: stdio.h
• Example :
puts(”Welcome”);
puts(”to Binus”);
Output on monitor:
Welcome
to Binus

Input Operation
• Standard library function that is related to input operations are:
scanf();
getchar();
getch();
getche();
gets();
etc.
• Input operation: function/operation of getting the data into the

memory using standard I/O devices (keyboard, disk, etc.)

Input Operation: scanf() function
• Header file: stdio.h
• Format:
int scanf( const char *format [,argument]... );
• All the argument type are pointers (address of a variable)
• To get the address of a variable use “&” sign
• Example :
int aValue;
scanf(”%d”,&aValue);
• Input format: ”%type”

where type can be substituted with one of the following list:
(next page)

• Format Type:
Type Used to scan
d integer
u unsigned integer
x hexadecimal
e, f, g floating point
C single character
s string ended with whit space
O data unsigned octal
[…] string ended with non of the value inside [...]
[^..] string ended with the value inside [...]

• If exist an x integer variable, state the difference of x and &x?
Variable Name Address Value
X 45678 234
Answer:
x : 234
&x : 45678

• scanf() function returns an integer that stated how many fields
are successfully assigned
• Example :
int x,y,z,w;
x = scanf("%d %d %d",&y,&z,&w);
– Input three values of integer 6 7 8, then x = 3;

– Input four values 6 7 8 9 then x = 3 (successfully assign
3 variables y z w)

/* Program Calculating rectangle area v1*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int width, height, area;
scanf(”%d”,&width);
scanf(”%d”,&height);
area = width*height;
return(0);
} scanf()
function
/* Program Calculating rectangle area v2*/ can use
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){ more than
int width, height, area; one
scanf(“%d %d”,&width, &height); argument
area = width * height;
return(0);
}
/* Program different argument*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number; char initial; float money;
scanf(“%d %c %f” ,&number, &initial, &money);
//other statements
return(0); Data type

} for each
variable in
the function
argument
can be
COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming
different 39
• Getting string data from keyboard using scanf() using format:
%s
• Example :
char ss[40];
scanf(”%s”, ss);
• Note for the example above, as the ss variable is a pointer than
we need not putting extra & sign (&ss) in the function
argument
(pointer will be discussed later separately)
• String takes only till the first whitespace found

Input Formatting
• Space char, tab, linefeed, carriage-return, form-feed, vertical-
tab, and new-line entitle ”white-space characters”
• Example :
– Using previous example, if a string “good
morning every one” entered then ss value will
only contain “good”

Input Formatting & Example
• To get string that ended with certain character for example
Enter, use scanf() with format: [^\n]
• Example 1:
char ss[40];
scanf(”%[^\n]”,ss);
• Using the previous example, if a string “good morning every

one” then ENTER, the ss variable will contain “good morning
every one”

• Example 2:
char ss[40];
scanf(”%[a-z]”, ss);
• Using the example above, if the string is:

http://binusmaya.binus.ac.id then ENTER, ss variable will
only contain: http.
This is caused by character (:) is not within a to z, thus (:)
accounted as the end of the string

• Example 3 :
int x;
scanf("%o", &x);
• Using the above code, if input value: 44 followed by enter then

x will contain: 36 in decimal, as 44 is an octal number system

• Example 4:
int x;
scanf("%x", &x);
• Using the above code, if input value: 44 followed by enter then

x will contain: 68 in decimal, as 44 is a hexadecimal number
system

Input Operation: getchar() function
• Syntax:
int getchar(void);
• Functionality:
– Return the next ASCII character from keyboard buffer
– Shown on the monitor screen
– Awaiting for ENTER pressed
– Header file: stdio.h
• Example :
char ch;
ch = getchar();

Input Operation: gets() function
• Syntax:
char *gets(char *buffer)
• Functionality :
– read a string from keyboard till find new-line and save in buffer
– new-line will later on replace with null character
– will return NULL if error and return its argument (buffer) if success
• Example :
char buffer[40];
char *ptr;
ptr = gets(buffer);

Exercise
1. int x,y,z,w;
x=scanf("%d %d %d",&y,&z,&w);
a. What happen if input was 2 integer values from the keyboard?
b. What is x value if 3 character values given as the input?
2. char ss1[40];
char ss2[40];
x=scanf(”%s %s”,ss1,ss2);
c. What is ss1 and ss2, if the input from keyboard is ”Good morning
everyone” ?
d. What is x if the input : ”Class 1PAT” ?

Exercise
3. char ss[40];
scanf(”%4s”, ss);
What is ss value, if the input : ”Good morning” ?
4. char ch;
ch = getchar();
What is ch value, if the input : Binus ?
5. char ch1, ch2;

ch1 = getchar(); // input word “Binus” here!
ch2 = getchar();
What is the value of ch1 and ch2, if the input : Binus ?

Exercise
6. Create a program in C to receive input from standard input
(keyboard) for the following data:
– Assignment Score
– Mid Exam Score
– Final Exam Score
Calculate and display Final Score using :

Final Score = 20%*Assignment + 30%*Mid +
50%*Final

Exercise
7.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[40];
int nim;
char gender;
printf(“Name:"); scanf("%[^\n]",name);
printf(“StudentNum :"); scanf("%d",&nim);
printf(“Gender (M/F):"); gender=getchar();
return 0;
}
After entering name and student number, program will exit to prompt.
gender=getchar() seems to be never executed. Explain why?

Exercise
8.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char ss[]="10 % 3 = 1\n";
char str[]=“Welcome to Binus everyone\n";
printf(ss);
printf("%s",ss);
printf(str);
printf("%s",str);
return 0;
}
What is the output of the above code ?

Summary
• Syntax for Output:
printf, putchar, putch, puts
• Syntax for Input:
scanf, getchar, getch, getche, gets
• The screen (DOS mode) divided into row and column, normally
max column = 80 and max row = 25

References
• Paul Deitel & Harvey Deitel. (2016). C how to program : with an
introduction to C++. 08. Pearson Education. Hoboken. ISBN:
9780133976892. Chapter 1 ,2, 9
• Writing Your First C Program: http://aelinik.free.fr/c/ch02.htm
• Data Types and Names in C: http://aelinik.free.fr/c/ch04.htm
• Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O:
http://aelinik.free.fr/c/ch05.htm
• Intro to File Input/Output in C:
http://www.cs.bu.edu/teaching/c/file-io/intro/

END
T0016 - Algorithm and Programming 55

Introduction To C Programming II

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Subject : COMP6047

ALGORITHM AND PROGRAMMING

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 2

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 3

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 4

int x; int y; int z;

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 6

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 7

character char 1 byte -128 to 127

unsigned char 1 byte

unsigned int 4 byte 0 to 4,294,967,295

short int 2 byte –32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short int 2 byte 0 to 65,535

long int 4 byte –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long int 4 byte 0 to 4,294,967,295

long long 8 byte –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to

float float 4 byte 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38

double 8 byte 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308

long double 8 byte

MSB = Most Significant Bit (most left)

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 10

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 11

• Symbolic constant does not have address (L-Value)

• Symbolic constant declaration does not need memory allocation

• To declare symbolic constant, can be done by using pre-

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 12

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 13

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 14

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 15

• sizeof is an operator to find out size of a data

• Syntax: sizeof expression

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 17

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 18

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 19

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 20

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 22

• Standard output is the monitor.

• Header file : stdio.h

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 23

/*Printing on one line with two printf statements*/

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 26

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 27

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 28

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 30

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 31

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 32

• Input operation: function/operation of getting the data into the

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 33

• Input format: ”%type”

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 34

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 35

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 36

– Input three values of integer 6 7 8, then x = 3;

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 37

return(0); Data type

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 40

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 41

• Using the previous example, if a string “good morning every

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 42

• Using the example above, if the string is:

COMP6047 - Algorithm and Programming 43

• Using the above code, if input value: 44 followed by enter then

/Printing on one line with two printf statements/