UNIT II

STRUCTURAL ORSATION IN PLANTS

AND ANIMALS
Chapter 5
Morphology of Flowering Plants

MR. PAWAR NAYAN

BIOLOGY EXPERT
• Morphology:- It is branch of Biology which deals the study of
External structure of the organisms is called Morphology.
The Root:
Root is modification of RADICLE
RADICLE differentiated into –
1. Primary Root – Grow inside the soil
2. Secondary Root – Grow on lateral side
3. Tertiary Root – Grow on Secondary Root
 Types of Root

TAP ROOT SYSTEM FIBROUS ROOT ADVENTIOUS ROOT

SYSTEM SYSTEM
1. Primary Roots & its 1. These Roots 1. Root originate from
Branches Constitute the originate from the parts of plant other than
Tap Root System Base of the stem. Radicle.
2. In monocot, primary
roots are short live-
Replace by large no.
of roots.
E.g. Mustard plant E.g. Wheat E.g. Grasses, Monstera,
Banyan tree
 Regions of the Roots

There are 3 area present in Root –

• 1. Region of meristematic,
• 2. Region of Elongation,
• 3. Region of Maturation.
A. Region of Meristematic :- Meristematic tissues are dividing in Nature,
Continue Division leads to Growth of roots.
B. Region of Elongation :- The cells proximal to this Region undergo Rapid
Elongation & Enlargement of root.
C. Region of Maturation :- Differentiate cells of Root present in this Region.
• Root cap :- It protects the tender Apex of the Root.
It sec. mucilaginous substance which contain sugar like subs. So that soil
Bacterium attract toward the sugar –
Viscous NATURE of soil lost  Root penetrate into the soil.

Modifications of Root :-
A. Prop roots
B. Stilt roots
C. Pneumato phores
Root modified to perform functions other than absorption of conduction of water
& minerals.
They modified for support – Storage of food & Respiration.
A. Prop Root :- They are hanging structure which provides
support e.g. Banyan Tree.
B. Stilt Root :- They are supporting Root Arises from lower
node of stem. E.g. Maize, Sugarcane.
C. Pneumatophores :-They grow vertically upwards. Help to
get oxygen for Respiration. E.g. Rhizophora
Modification of Root for Storage of Food
 Function of Root
1. Absorption of H2O & Minerals from the soil.
2. Provides proper anchorage to the plant.
3. Storing Reserve food material.
4. Synthesis of plant growth regulators.
 STEM
• Ascending part of the plant which consist of
 Branches, Leaves, Flowers & Fruits.
• Developed from Plumule of the Embryo.
• Characteristic feature of stem  Node
& internode is present.
• From the Node  Leaves are Born
• Stem generally Green when Young later
may become Woody or Dark Brown.
 Modification of STEM
1. An Example of Edible Underground stem is
A. CarrotB. Ground Nut C. Sweet potatoD. Potato
Modification – Underground modification, Tendril & Thorns.

Underground Modification:- Stem modify to perform different

function. E.g. Stem of potato, Turmeric, Ginger, Zaminkand,
Colocasia
• Underground stem of some plants like  Grasses & Strawberry
(Spread to new niches & when older parts Die new plant formed)
• Lateral Branch with short internodes & Each Internodes have short
internodes bearing Rosette of Leaves Pistia, Eichhornia.

Tendrils :- Developed from Axillary Bud.

They are slender & spirally coiled & help plant to climb e.g. Cucumber,
Watermelon, Pumpkins, Grapevines.
Thorns :- Axillary Buds of stem may also get modified into
woody, straight & pointed structure called Thorn.
Protects from Browsing Animals.
E.g. Citrus, Bougainvillea, Opuntia.
 LEAF
• It develops at the Node & Bear a Bud in its Axis.
• Axillary Bud – Develop into Branches.
• Leaves originate from shoot Apical Meristems & Arranged
into Acropetal order.
• Leave is important for – Vegetative organs for
photosynthesis.
• Parts of Leaf  3 Parts  Leaf Base, Petiole, Lamina.
• Leaf is attached to the stem by the leaf base &
having two lateral small leaf like structure called
Stipule.
• PETIOLE -:
- Help in Hold the Blade to the leaf.
- Help in cooling of leaf & Bringing fresh Air to
leaf surface.
• LAMINA :- or Leaf Base :-
- Green Expanded part of the leaf with vein &
veinlets.
- Prominent vein which is known as MIDRIB.
- Vein provides rigidity to leaf blade – Transport of
 H2O, Minerals & Food material.
• VENATION :-
- The arrangement of vein & veinlets in the lamina of the leaf is called
venation.

TYPES
Reticulate Vein Parallel Vein
Veins & Veinlet form Vein & Veinlet arrange
network. parallel to the leaf lamina
E.g. Dicotyledons E.g. Monocots
 Types of Leaves
Simple Compound

Pinnately Compound Leaf Palmately Compound Leaf

1. Number of leaflets are present on 1. The leaf lets are attached at a
a common Axis the RACHIS common point. i.e. Tip of petiole.
e.g. Neem E.g. Silk cotton
 Phyllotaxy
• The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or Branch.
Alternate Opposite Whorled
Phyllotaxy Phyllotaxy Phyllotaxy
Single leaf arises at each A pair of leaves Arises More than two leaves
Node in Alternate at each node & lie arises at a node & form
manner. opposite to each other. a whorl.
E.g. China Rose, E.g. Calotropis, Gauva E.g. Alstonia.
Mustard, Sunflower
plants.
 Modifications of Leaves
• They modify to perform functions other than photosynthesis.
A. Tendrils :- For climbing as in peas or into spines for Defence as in
cactus.
B. Storage :- The fleshy leaves of onion and Garlic store food.
C. Synthesis food :- E.g. Australian acacia.
The leaves are small & short lived.
The petioles in these plants expands become Green & Synthesis of
food.
Insectivorous plants such as – Pitcher plant – Venous – Fly traps –
Modified leaves.
1. Leaves become modified into spines in
a. Onion b. Silk cotton c. Opuntia d. Pea

2. Whorled, simple leaves with Reticulate venation are present in

a. Calotropis b. Neem c. China rose d. Alstonia
 The Inflorescence
• The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is called Inflorescence.
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
RACEMOSE CYMOSE
The main axis continues to grow the Main Axis terminate into flower – Flower
flowers are Borne laterally in an Borne to Basipetal order young to old.
Acropetal succession.
 Flower
•  Camerarius (1694), and Koelreuter (1761) :- State that flower is
Reproductive Unit of Angiosperms.
• Flower contain male & female sex organs.
Types of Flower
Bisexual Flower Unisexual Flower
- Flower which consist of - Flower which consist of either male
Androecium & Gynoecium. or female sex organs.
 Symmetry of Flower
Actinomorphic Zygomorphic
(Radial Symmetry) (Bilateral Symmetry)
- Only line pass through the - When line pass into centre of
centre of flower and flower the flower & flower divides
divide into the Two Equal only Two Similar Half.
Half. - E.g. Pea, Gul mohar, Beans,
- E.g. Mustard, Datura, Chilli. Cassia.
• Flower May be 
a. Trimerous – When the floral appendages are in multiple of 3.
b. Tetramerous – When the floral appendages are in multiple of 4.
c. Pentamerous – When the floral appendages are in multiple of 5.

Bracteate  Flower which Bracts – Reduce leaf found at the Base of

the pedicel are called Bracteate.
Ebracteate  Flowers without Bracts are called Ebracteate.
 Based on the position of Calyx, Corolla &
Androecium in Respect of the Ovary on thalamus.
Flower
Hypogynous Perigynous Epigynous
The Gynoecium The Gynoecium is The margin of
occupied the situated in the thalamus Grow
highest position centre and other upward Enclosing
while other parts parts of the flower the ovary
are situated below are located on the completely &
it. Rim of the getting fused with
thalamus almost it.
at the same level.
Ovary of such Ovary is “Half Other part arises
flowers are Inferior”. from above the
superior. E.g. Plum, Rose, ovary.
E.g. Mustard, Peach Ovary is Inferior
China Rose, E.g. Guava,
Brinjal Cucumber.
 Parts of Flower
• There are four floral whorls – E.g. Calyx, Corolla,
Androecium & Gynoecium.
A. Calyx :-
- Outer most whorl of the flower & the members are
called sepals.
- Speals are generally green, leaf like protect the
flower in the Bud stage.
- Calyx may be “Gamosepalous” (Sepals are united)
& Polysepalous (Sepals free).
B. Corolla :-
- Corolla is composed of petals.
- Petals are usually Bright in coloured to attract insects
for pollination.
- Gamopetalous (Petals are fused)
- Polypetalous (Petal are free).
Aestivation :- The Arrangement of sepals or petals in Floral Bud with
Respect to the members of same whorl is called Aestivation.

TYPES of AESTIVATION
VALVATE TWISTED IMBRICATE VEXILLARY or
PAPILLIONACEOUS.
- When - If one margin of - If the - There are five
sepals or the appendage margins of petals, the largest
petals in overlaps that of sepals or (Standard)
whorl just the next one and Petals overlap overlaps the two
touch one so on as in China one another lateral petal
another at Rose Lady’s but NOT in (wings) which in
the margin Finger Cotton. any Direction. turn overlap the
without E.g. Cassia two smallest
overlapping. (Golden anterior petals.
Flower), Gul (keel).
mohar. - E.g. Pea, Bean
Flowers.
- Family –
‘Fabaceae’.
1. When the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another without any
particular direction, the condition is called.
a. Vexillary b. Imbricate c. Twisted d. Valvate

2. Vexillary Aestivation is characteristic of family

a. Fabaceae b. Asteraceae c. Solanaceae d. Brassicaceae
C. Androecium :-
- Composed of stamen.
- Each stamen represents – ‘Male Reproductive Organs’ consist of stalk of filament.
- Each Anther is Bilobed.
- They have two chambers – i.e. Pollen sacs.
- Pollen grains are produced inside the pollen sac.
Epipetalous :- When stamen are attached to the petal. E.g. Brinjal.
Epiphyllous :- Stamens are attached to the perianth as in the flowers of lily.
PolyAndrous :- Stamen free.
Monoadelphous :- The stamens may be united into one bunch. E.g. China Rose.
Diadelphous :- The stamens may be united into two bunch.
Polyadelphous :- The stamens may be more than two bundles. E.g. Citrus.
D. Gynoecium :-
- Female Reproductive part of the flower, Made up of – “CARPELS”.
- Carpels consist of three parts – Stigma, Style & Ovary.
- Each ovary consist of one or more than one ovule.
Apocarpous :- More than one carpels free to each other. E.g. Lotus & Rose
Syncarpous :- When carpels are fused to Each other. E.g. Mustard & Tomato.
 PLACENTATION
- The Arrangement of ovules within ovary is called Placentation.

Types of Placentation
Marginal Axile Parietal Free Central Basal
Placenta for Ridge Placenta is Axial & Ovule develop on the Ovule are Borne on Placenta develop at
along the ventral Ovules are attached inner wall of the central Axis and the Base of the ovary
suture of the ovary & to it in a Multilocular ovary or peripheral Septa are absent. single ovules.
ovules present at the ovary. part. E.g. Dianthus, E.g. Sun flower,
ridge of two row. E.g. China Rose, E.g. Mustard, Primrose. Marigold.
E.g. Pea Tomato, Lemon. Argemone.
1. Placentation in Tomato and Lemon is
a. Parietal b. Free Central c. Marginal d. Axile

2. An example of Axile Placentation is

a. Dianthus b. Lemon c. Marigold d. Argemone
 The Fruit
• Biology fruit is define as – “Ripened Ovary”.

*Layers of Fruit*
A. Epicarp – Outer part
B. Mesocarp – Middle part
C. Endocarp – Inner Part
Drupe – E.g. Mango & Coconut
1. Mango Juice is obtained from
a. Epicarp b. Endocarp c. Mesocarp d. Pericarp & Thalamus.

2. Edible part of Banana

a. Epicarp b. Mesocarp & Less Develop Endocarp
c. Endocarp & Less Development mesocarp
d. Epicarp & Mesocarp
In mango, the pericarp is well differentiated into an outer thin Epicarp,
Middle Fleshy Edible mesocarp and Inner stony Hard Endocarp.

Coconut – Drupe – Mesocarp is fibrous.

 The Seed
• Biologically seed is defined as – “Ripened Ovule”.
• Seed – Seed Coat (Modification of Integument) & Embryo.

• Seed Develop From ovules inside the ovary after Fertilization.

SEED COAT :-
- It consist of outer ‘Testa’ & Inner ‘Tegument’.
- It developed from outer & inner integument Respectively.
 Embryo
• It consist of Embryonal Axis known as
– “Tigellum” which is tipping
downward into Radicle.
• Part of “Tigellum” above the
cotyledon is Epicotyl which tipper to
“Plumule”.
• Part of tegument below cotyledon is
Hypocotyl.
 Mature Seed
Non – Albuminous/Non-Endosperm
There are No Residual Endosperm as
it is completely consumed during
Embryo formation.
E.g. Pea, Groundnut
Albuminous/Endospermic
They have retain a part of endosperm
as it is Not completely used up during
Embryo Development.
E.g. Wheat, Maize, Barley, Caster &
Sunflower.
• In some seed such as Black Pepper & Beet, Remanent of Nucleolus
are also persist, this residual persistent called Perisperm.

SEED
MONOCOT SEED DICOT SEED
They have a single cotyledon They have two cotyledon &
& generally Endospermic. generally Non – Endospermic.
 Dormancy
• Inactive form of Seed is called Dormancy.

Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed

• In monocot – Only one cotyledon is produced. E.g. Maize, Onion, Palm.
• In Grasses family cotyledon is called – “Scutellum”.
• It consist of
a. One cotyledons
b. Epicotyl – Epicotyl covered the Cotyledons.
c. Hypocotyl.
d. Plumule
e. Coleoptile
f. Radicle
g. Coleorhiza
h. Aleurone Layer – Made up of protein, it separate outer covering of
Endosperm.
 Advantage of Seed
• They are used in Reproductive process – such as –
Pollination & Fertilization.
• They store Reserve food material.
• Seed is the Basis of Our Agriculture.
1. Endosperm is consumed by Developing Embryo in the seed of or
Non Albuminous seed produced in
a. Pea b. Maize c. Coconut d. Castor

2. Seed coat is Not thin, Membranous in

a. Groundnut b. Gram c. Maize d. Coconut
 Description of Flowering Plant
• Floral Formula:- Represented by Some Symbols.
Description of Some Important Family
• FABACEAE:- Earlier called – “Papilionoideae”
• subfamily – Leguminosae.
• Floral Formula - % ⚥ K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1.
 Floral Characters:
• Inflorescence :- Racemose
• Flower :- Bisexual, Zygomorphic
• Calyx :- Sepal five, Gamosepalous, Imbricated Aestivation.
• Corolla :- Petal Five, Polypetalous, Two lateral wings, Two
Anterior wings.
• Androecium :- Ten, Diadelphous, Anther Dithecous.
• Gynoecium :- Ovary superior, Mono carpellary, Unilocular
with many ovules.
 Economic Importance
• Sources of pulses (Gram, Arhar, Sem, Moong, Soyabean)
• Edible oil (Soyabean, Ground nut)
• Dye (Indigofera)
• Fibres (Sunhemp)
• Fodder (Sesbania , Trifolium)
• Ornamental – Lupin, Sweat pea
• Medicine – Muliathi
 Solanaceae
• Large family – “Potato Family” – They are widely Distributed in
“Tropics” or even Temperate zone “subtropics”.
• Floral Formula :-
 Floral Characters
• Inflorescence :- Solitary, Axial or Cymose
• Flower – Bisexual, Actinomorphic
• Calyx – Sepal five, United, Persistent valvate aestivation
• Corolla – Petal five, united valvate Aestivation
• Androecium – Stamen five, Epipetalous
• Gynoecium – Bicarpellary, Syncarpous, Ovary superior
 Economic Importance
• They are source of food
• Tomato, Brinjal, Potato, Spice (Chili)
• Medicine – Bella donna, Ashwagandha
• Fumigatory – Tobacco
• Ornamentals – Petunia
 Lilaceae
• Lily Family, Monocot Plants
• Floral Formula :-
 Economic Importance
• Good ornamentals (Tulip, Gloriosa)
• Source of Medicine (Aloe)
• Vegetable (Asparagus)
• Colchicine (Colchicum autumnale)