MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH PUNJAB

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

GZS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

&PLANNING
BUILDING SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY-III
TOPIC-MICRO & MACRO CLIMATE
SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-
AR. MITAKSHI SHARMA KUNDAN SHARMA(190040007)
BIKAS SINGH(190040018)
 MACRO CLIMATE
The macro climate around a building cannot be affected by any design changes, however
the building design can be developed with a knowledge of the macro climate in which the
building is located. General climatic data give an idea of the local climatic severity;
 Seasonal accumulated temperature difference (degree day) are a measure of the
outside air temperature , though do not account for available solar.
 Typical wind speeds and direction
 Annual totals of Global Horizontal Solar Radiation
 This Meteorological data gives a general impression
of the climate at the site of a building and the building
design can be planned accordingly. However the building
itself and surrounding geography will affect the local
climate.
 The location of neighboring trees and building affects the solar gains (shading)
and wind patterns:-
 MICRO CLIMATE
 The site of a building may have a many micro climates caused by the presence of hills
valleys, slopes , streams and the other buildings.
 Any local deviation from the climate of a
larger area , whatever the scale may be.
 Immediate local climatic conditions such as
temperature, humidity , solar radiation , wind.
 Climate of a small area which is different from
the larger area around it.
 It can be a lot a space as small as the
protected inner courtyard of a building and as
large as a city which have different climatic
conditions of the larger area around.
 SCALE OF MICRO CLIMATE
 To a botanist , Microclimate can be of a single plant leaf, with its temperature and
moisture conditions, its population of insects and micro organisms, on the scale of a few
centimeters.
 To an urban geographer, micro climate may mean the climate of a whole town.
 SITE CLIMATE:- climate of the area available and is to be used for the given purpose,
both in horizontal extent and in height.
 The task of the designer is to take advantage of the favorable and mitigate characteristics
of the site and its climatic features.
 LOCAL FACTORS

 FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCAL DEVIATION ARE:-

 TOPOGRAPHY:- Slope , orientation, exposure, elevation, hills or valleys at or near the
ground.
 GROUND SURFACE:- (Whether natural or man – made): affect in terms of reflectance,
permeability and the soil temperature as these affect the vegetation and this in turn affects
the climate.(woods, shrubs , grass , paving , water , etc.)
 THREE DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS:- such as trees , tree belts , fences , walls and
buildings as these may influence air movement , cast a shadow etc.
Where do you place the buildings

The crests of hills and ridges have

unfavorable wind velocity profiles,
the wind flow is compressed leading
to high wind velocities.

• The thermal belt, lying just above

the level to which pools of cold air
build up, but below the height at
which exposure to wind increases.
 GURGAON
 Under the Koppen climatic classification, Gurgaon experiences a monsoon-influenced composite
climate seasons.
 The city experienced four distinct seasons- spring, summer, fall/autumn and winter along with the
monsoon season setting in towards the letter half of the summer.
 October are typically hot and humid, with an average high temperature of 40*c.
 The composite zones covers the central parts of India .
 Composite climate displays the characteristics of hot and dry, warm and humid as well as cold
climates.
 India being a tropical country, most of design decisions would pertain to cooling.
 Design here are guided by longer prevailing climatic conditions. Their characteristics change from
season to season alternating between long hot periods to short periods of concentrated rainfall and
high humidity.
 EXAMPLES:-
 The general recommendations of hot and dry climates would be applicable for New Delhi for most
of the year except monsoon where ventilation is essential.
 Ex:- Kanpur, Allahabad.
 DESIGN CRITERIA
 Ventilation of appliances.
 Increase air exchange rate
 Increase humidity level in dry summers
 Decrease humidity in monsoon
 Provide exhausts ( Artificial)
 Courtyards or wind towers or arrangement of openings
 Trees and water ponds for evaporative cooling
 Dehumidifiers.
 Increase thermal resistance
 Increase thermal capacity
 Increase buffer space
 Increase shading.
 ROOFS
 The ponds system requires a body of water to be
located in the roof, protected controlled by exterior
movable insulation.
 This body of water is exposed to direct solar gain
which absorbs and stores. Since thermal storage
of ceiling of the building it will radiate
uniform low temperature.
 SOLAR ENERGY CENTRE, GURGAON

 The complex is located in Gurgaon, about 35 km south of Delhi that lies in a composite
climatic zone. The buildings in this complex have been divided into three groups.
 The technical and administration block.
 Workshop building and electrical sub- station etc.
 The guest house.
 ROOF AND WALL TREATMENT

 The building was conceived as a low spread

out structure , arranged around courtyards,
maximizing the use of roof surface for
evaporative cooling system with automatic
controls.
 For comfort cooling, the strategy used was
to reduce ingress of heat by using hollow,
concrete block walls, properly shaded
windows, and a reflective finish on the
roof surface.
 VENTILATION

 Permanent ventilators have ben placed on the south side, the roof insulated two – level
windows have been provided for good ventilation.
 To prevent heat gain through the roof, it has been given a reflective white finish.
 The entire building is day lit and no artificial lighting would be required during normal
working hours.
 THE GUEST HOUSE

 The first building to be put up in the Solar Energy Centre campus, this has an earth
shelter cooling system. Solar water heaters have been integrated with architectural
design.
 Winter heating is direct by sun lighting of the guest rooms. Each windows is provided with
an arched sunshade, which allows winter sun to come through the top part of the glazing.
 Solar water heaters provided in
each toilet have been integrated
with the architectural design.
 A sunny terrace for solar cooking
has been provided near kitchen.
 AIR TEMPERATURE:-
 The air temperature near the ground is dependent on heat grained/lost by the earth
surface.
 Heat exchange varies with day / night , season, time of the year, latitude and cloud cover.
 During the day , with the heating of the earth surface, the air nearest to the ground
(within meters) gains most temperature. At night, the direction of heat flow is reversed.
 TEMPERATURE INVERSION:-
 The phenomenon of decreasing temperature with increase in altitude.
 Cold air tends to settle in the deepest depressions and behaves as a liquid . It does not flow
readily like water but like a highly viscous liquid.
 -A difference of 7-8 m in height can cause 5-6 deg drop in temperature.
 Jaisalmer 45* C and Mt. Abu 30* c.
 This is why hill stations are preferred locations during summer.
 HUMIDITY :-
 Relative humidity is inversely proportional to temperature.
 During the day , when the lowest layer of air is heated by the ground surface, RH decreases rapidly.
This leads to higher rate of evaporation leading to increase in Absolute Humidity.
 At night, when dew point temperature is reached , fog formation takes place and if there is no
further rapid cooling nor air movement, a deep layer (40-50m) of fog develops.
PRECIPITATION:-
 When ground level changes by more than 300m, the windward side received more rainfall
than the regional average.
 In an extreme case, on a large site located on the top of a hill and extending down to both
the slopes, the leeward side receives only 25% by the windward side.
 REASON:- hill forces the air mass to rise which cools it down and it is no loner able to
support the moisture carried. This effect can also be caused by towns. The opposite is also
true.
Plants on north side of building:-

Plants on north & south side of

slopes:-
 SOLAR RADIATION
 Three ways:-
 TRANSPARENCY OF THE ATMOSPHERE:- Cloud formation , air pollution , smog ,
smoke , dust , etc. affects the intensity of solar radiation on the horizontal plane.
 SLOPE AND ORIENTATION OF THE SITE:- Intensity on the actual ground surface. At
mid latitudes, a site sloping towards the pole will receives much less radiation than the site
sloping towards equator.
 OBSTRUCTION:- Like hills , trees, existing buildings which may cast a shadow on the site.
The effects id most pronounced wen the objects like on east or west of the site.
AIR MOVEMENT:-
 Air flowing across any surface is subjected to frictional forces. Wind speed near the round is
less than the speed than higher up and the difference depends on the smoothness/ evenness of
the surface.
 On hilly sites , the greatest speeds are experienced at the crest of the hills. The valleys may
experience I wind speed if their direction coincides wit the direction of the wind flow.
 On shore lake breezes are rarely effective beyond 400m but the sea breezes are much more
effective.
VEGETATION:-
 Vegetation is usually regarded as a function of climate but in itself it can influence the
local or site climate.
 Forming an intermediate layer between the earth surfaces and the atmosphere , they have
a moderating effect on air temperature, humidity , radiation and air movement.
 Increases the surfaces of contact to a higher layer by a factor of 4-12 times.
 Trees provides shade and affect the micro climate of the place.
 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION:- Trees and shrubbery give off moisture that increase
humidity.
 GROUND COVER VEGETATION:- Trees , shrubbery, and grasses provide shade that
prevents moisture from evaporating.
 Permeable surfaces reduce temperature through evaporative cooling.
 JAISALMER
 Jaisalmer climate is influenced by its position amidst the great Indian desert.
 The region experiences an arid climate through the year.
 The temperature remains low during the winter season while summers are characterized
by cold and dry Jaisalmer weather.
 the region is drained by very scanty rainfall during the monsoon season.
 The weather and climate of the Jaisalmer is arid in nature typical of any desert region.
Summers are hot but winters are relatively very pleasant.
 The Village Settlement:-
 A Garasia Village has scattered pattern of habitation like the Bhils. The settlement is not a cluster
of houses.
 The village is spread across the mountain slopes and dry river beds of Aravalli. In a hilly region,
there are a number of cluster of houses situated in rough terrain.
 The smallest unit of the village is Phalia, consists of the members of a single clan.
 This is further division into pal which the Garasia term as patta. There are two puttas among
them: Bhakar Putta and Pindwara Ptta.
 The House:-
 House are usually built on the slope of hills with their fields extending out in front.
 The Garasia live mostly in one-room huts consisting of two/three rooms with mud wall partitions.
 The solitary dwelling are made of mud , bamboo and leaves and lightly plastered over with cow-
dung. Some examples- Roopsi House (Jaisalmer), Dhulmera house, Jalwali house.
 Roopsi House
 Roopsi is a village of about 2000 people, located about 20km west of Jaisalmer town.
Although in the desert region its immediate surroundings have patches of cultivable land
and rocky mounds, the climate is hot and dry with moderate to server sandstorms in the
summer, the winters are cold. The people live by sleep breeding and agriculture , which
are not very remunerative. Rubble is available in the vicinity. Village life is organized on
the basic of community groups. Each group is bound by close internal relationships.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROOPSI HOUSE:-
 A cluster accommodating such a group has closely knit dwellings, which are introvert in
character.
 The central courtyard is the key elements of the house.
 All the surrounding rooms open only into the courts.
 the closed periphery of the shares its walls with other houses. This works well in the dry
climate and house is well protected against sandstorms.
 Houses are constructed of uncaused rubble masonry, bound with mud mortar.
 Rooms are fairly large and spanned with rough wooden rafters closely arranged with their
bearings on walls and stone pillars, which have wide capitals.
 These rafters are covered with a layer of rubble and mud, often 25-30 cm thick. The heavy
walls and thick roof keep the house cool during summers days and warm in the chilly
nights.
 A variety of storage elements are found in the village. These are typical and are
characteristics of the region, and can be found in the most of the villages.
 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:-
 The people used local available plants and trees for construction.
 METHOD:- Clay sand + water + cow dun + bajra waste= to construct walls
 Wood of Kejri to construct ceiling.
 Make 2-3 layers of bushed at the outer side of the roof.
 Use bushed rope tie up bushed
tightly.
 CONTROL OF HEATING BY TEXTURE OF SURFACE:-
 The heating inside of the building is controlled by the use of textures in Jaisalmer.
 The front part of the façade which remains exposed are controlled by creating deeply
carved pattern.
 Minimizes the heat gain by providing shading due to texture.
 Increased convective transfer of heat because of increase surface area in summer in day
time major heat source is sun the exposed textured surfaces will be cooler than plain
surfaces.
 In evening when ambient conditions are cool the increase surface area helps in cooling it
faster however, an extended surface will warm up faster than a plain surface under winter
conditions due to low solar altitude, therefore the location in context if these surfaces is
very important.
THANK YOU