NAVIGATION 2

TERRESTRIAL AND COASTAL NAVIGATION

MARK ANGELO CASTRO
BSMT 1E NON
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL
WARNINGS & SHIP’S
ROUTEING
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Definition:

Radio navigational warning broadcasts are designed to provide the

mariner with up-to-date marine information vital to safe navigation.
Navigational warnings are one of the most important things in chart
correction.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Three types of Warnings:

• NAVAREA Warnings
• Coastal Warnings
• Local Warnings
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

NAVAREA Warnings
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

NAVAREA Warnings
• NAVAREA Warnings are concerned with the information which
mariners require for safe navigation.
• They are prepared in a numbered series for each calendar year.
• A list of those Warnings which remain in force is promulgated each
week and should be recorded in a log.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

NAVAREA Warnings
The UKHO follows joint International Maritime Organization and
International Hydrographic Organization guidance in both the selection
of information to be issued as warnings and in formatting the warning
messages.
Subject in the following list is not exhaustive, and should be regarded
only as a guide:
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

NAVAREA Warnings
• Casualties to lights, fog signals, buoys and other aids to navigation
affecting main shipping lanes;
• Presence of dangerous wrecks in or near main shipping lanes, and, if
relevant, their marking;
• Establishment of major new aids to navigation or significant
changes to existing ones, when such establishment or change might
be misleading to mariners;
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NAVAREA Warnings
• The presence of large or unwieldy tows in congested waters;
• Drifting hazards (including derelict vessels, ice, mines, containers
and other large items);
• Areas where search and rescue (SAR) and anti-pollution operations
are being carried out (for the avoidance of such areas);
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NAVAREA Warnings
• The presence of newly discovered rocks, shoals, reefs and wrecks
likely to constitute a danger to shipping, and, if relevant, their
marking;
• Unexpected alteration, or suspension, of established routes;
• Cable or pipe-laying activity, the towing of large items of submerged
equipment for research or exploration purposes,
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

NAVAREA Warnings
• the employment of manned or unmanned submersibles or other
underwater operations which constitute a potential danger in or near
shipping lanes;
• The establishment of research or scientific instruments in or near
shipping lanes;
• The establishment of offshore structures in or near shipping lanes;
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

NAVAREA Warnings
• Significant malfunctioning of radio-navigation services or shore-
based maritime safety information radio or satellite services;
• Information concerning special operations which might affect the
safety of shipping, sometimes over wide areas, e.g. naval exercises,
missile firings, space missions, nuclear tests, ordnance dumping
zones etc;
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

NAVAREA Warnings
• Acts of piracy and armed robbery against shipping;
• Tsunamis and other natural phenomena, such as abnormal changes
in sea level;
• World Health Organisation (WHO) health advisory information;
• Security-related information.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Coastal Warnings
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Coastal Warnings
• Coastal Warnings broadcast information which is necessary for
safe navigation within areas to seaward of the fairway buoy or
pilot station, and are not restricted to shipping lanes.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Coastal Warnings
• When the area is served by NAVTEX, they provide navigational
warnings for the entire NAVTEX service area.
• When the area is not served by NAVTEX, all warnings relevant to
coastal waters out to 250 miles from shore may be included in the
International SafetyNET service broadcast for the NAVAREA.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Local Warnings
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Local Warnings
• Local Warnings broadcast information which cover inshore
waters, often within the limits of jurisdiction of a harbour or
port authority.
• They are usually issued by port, pilotage or coastguard
authorities.
• The messages may be in English or only in the local language.
SHIP’S ROUTEING
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

What is ship’s routeing

• Ship’s routeing or managing the shipping traffic deals with
recommending vessel with most safe shipping route prior to
sailing along with monitoring its progress throughout the journey.
• It the most important aspect of entire maritime industry, especially
in regions of high traffic load or congested areas.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Purpose of ship’s routeing

• Is to improve the safety of navigation in converging areas and in
areas where the density of traffic is great or where freedom of
movement of shipping is inhibited by restricted sea room, the
existence of obstruction to navigation, limited depths or
unfavorable meteorological conditions.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Ship’s routeing
The key points of ship routing as mentioned by IMO are as follows:

1. Ship routeing is done with a prime motive of traffic management.

Taking into account activity over a particular shipping route,
appropriate traffic lanes need to be set to avoid accidents.
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Ship’s routeing
2. All the key elements for ship routeing are well defined. These
elements include traffic lanes, separation zones and round abouts.
3. Traffic lanes are provided only for purposes of one-way traffic
such shipping routes are found mainly in congested regions so as to
avoid ship being stuck in a spot.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Ship’s routeing
4. Separation zones are given special importance as they help in
maintaining different traffic lanes simultaneously. They also help in
keeping a tab on a ship moving in the opposite direction.
5. IMO defines recommended routes for vessel in a particular region
or on a particular voyage. These routes are generally having
undefined width and are safest for travel.
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Ship’s routeing
6. Deepwater routes are monitored and defined especially for
underwater marine traffic. Such routes are surveyed for clearance of
sea bottom and are devoid of any submerged articles that could
hinder the vessels journey.
7. Precautionary areas are especially defined by IMO as areas where
extra caution is advised. Traffic volume and flow direction are
carefully regulated at all times on such maritime shipping routes.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Ship’s routeing
8. IMO also defines “areas to be avoided” as the shipping routes
which are almost prohibited for ship navigation because of the
extreme danger they pose. Such routes could be considered
dangerous for a certain class or all types of vessel.
RADIO NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS & SHIP’S ROUTEING

Ship’s routeing
Elements used in traffic routing systems include:
1. Traffic separation scheme: A routeing measure aimed at the
separation of opposing streams of traffic by appropriate means and by
the establishment of traffic lanes.
2. Traffic Lane: An area within a defined limit in which one-way
traffic is established. Natural obstacles, including those forming
separation zones, may constitute a boundary.
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Ship’s routeing
3. Separation zone or line: A zone or line separating traffic lanes in
which ships are proceeding in the opposite direction or nearly the
opposite directions; or separating a traffic lane from adjacent sea
area; or separating traffic lanes designed for particular classes of
ships proceeding in the same direction.
4. Traffic roundabout: A separation point or circular separation zone
and a circular traffic lane within defined limits.
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Ship’s routeing
5. Inshore traffic zone: A designated area between the landward
boundary of a traffic separation scheme and the adjacent coast.
6. Recommended routes: A route of undefined width, for the
convenience of ships in transit, which is often marked by centerline
buoys.
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Ship’s routeing
7. Deepwater : A route within defined limits which has been
accurately surveyed for clearance of sea bottom submerged articles.
8. Precautionary Areas: An area within defined limits where ships
must navigate with particular caution and within which the direction
of flow of traffic may be recommended.
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Ship’s routeing
9. Area to Avoided: An area within defined limits in which either
navigation is particularly hazardous or it is exceptionally important to
avoid casualties and which should be avoided by all ships or by
certain classes of ship.
Sources:
@principlenavigation (principlenavigation/posts/831485860220611:0)
https://imunotes.in/ship-routeing/

THANK YOU!