Alternating Current

Motors
SINGLE-PHASE
THREE-PHASE

1
Alternating Current (AC) Motors
- Principle of Operation
- Construction of Single Phase AC Motor
- Operation of Each Part
- Different Types of Single Phase AC Motors
- Permanent Motor
- Series Motors
- Shunt Motors
- Compound Motors
- Construction of Three Phase AC Motors
- Characteristics of a Three Phase AC Motors
- AC Motor Controls

2
 AC Motors’ Principle of Operation
What would happen in this scenario ?

Gap

N
N
Movement
SS

 Metal drum follows the magnet movement and roll over the surface
so long as a gap in-between is maintained. Same through if the
drum is suspended in its center with shaft, and the permanent
magnet is rotate, the drum will follow.
 This principle is applied to Alternating Current Motors.
3
How to construct an AC Motor ?
The following materials are needed:
(1) Source of Rotating Magnetic Field (3) Exciter Media
(2) Metal Drum (4) Housing Assembly

Developing a Rotating Magnetic Field :

+
- S

Source
N N

S
4
 Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Time 4

S N S N
N N S S N N S S

S N S N

+ +

- -

 Clearly we can see that the behavior of electromagnet imaginarily

rotates by transferring the polarity from pole to pole once
Alternating Current source is used. In this case the drum at the
center follows as it rotates clockwise. 5
The imaginary rotation or transfer of pole to pole of electromagnet is referred to
as the Synchronous Speed (Ns).

Wherein :
Ns = 120 F /P F = Frequency of Applied Power Source

P = Number of Poles

What would happen if imaginary rotation is very fast ?

N Variance
S Actual S S
N N N
S

Sho
ul db N
e
S S

N
6
The variance in the position of the drum is actually the difference in the speed of
the imaginary rotation of poles against the speed of drum rotation. This is
called Slip.

Ns (Synchronous Speed) – Nr (Drum Speed) X 100%

% Slip =
Ns (Synchronous Speed)

Do we need the Slip ?

What would happen if we hold the drum ?

Gap
N
N

Movement
SS

Extra

Affordable

At Your Reach!
Load at the Drum 7
  Drum rotates a little bit if little force is applied. Does not rotate at
all if firmly being held by the hand.

How do we solve it ?
Loop collapsing
outward
Magnetic Fields

Conductor
+

 Whenever a conductor cuts a flux, magnetic

flux is adsorbed and current is induced,
voltage then is also induced.

8
Behavior of Current Carrying Conductor Between Opposite Poles:
Left-Hand-Motor Rule says, By placing forefinger perpendicular to the middle
finger and thumb, movement of current carrying conductor can be
determined.

S N + S N

F (Movement)

To conclude :

Replace

Metal Drum Conductor Bars 9

 Conductor Bars sandwiched by end
plates is called Squirrel Cage and
adapted as motor’s rotating part or
rotor.

Do we need the Slip ?

 YES!!! If the rotor and the rotating magnetic field were turning at
the same speed no relative motion would exist between the two,
therefore no lines of flux would be cut, and no voltage would be
induced in the rotor.

Remember :

Slip is necessary to produce torque. Slip is dependent on load.

10
 Is Slip enough ?
Is
Source
+
- Ir

S
Is Ir
Magnitude

S
N N
t

N
S
Out of Phase S

 NO!!! During starting rotor will not develop any starting torque. A
second (starting) winding with currents out of phase with the original
or main (running) winding is necessary, to produce a net rotating
magnetic field. 11
Centrifugal Force
Centrifugal Switch
spring

contacts

spool or
collar

governor
weights
Centrifugal Switch

At standstill, starting condition

 Centrifugal Switch

Approximately 75% of the rated speed, the weight

will retract the spool and will open the switch
 Different Types of  Induction Motors
Type Appearance Characteristics Applications

- Generally not self-starting

Squirrel (zero starting torque).
Cage - Power is supplied to the -Limited
Induction rotating part
Motors electromagnetically thru
magnetic induction.

- Is an AC motor of fractional
horsepower size 1/20 to ¾ Hp -Washing
Split-phase machine, Oil
- High starting torque and
Motors burners, Small
rugged operation
pumps

Capacitor - HVAC Fans,

- Ranges from 1/20 to 35 Hp
Motors Air
C in size. 16
(Start) compressors,
 Different Types of  Induction Motors
Type Appearance Characteristics Applications

Saws,
Capacitor
Washing
Motors - Much Higher Starting torque.
machines, Oil
(Start)
burners

- Employ the principle of

splitting the single-phase line
into two phases by using a
- HVAC Unit
Two-Value capacitor in series with one
Fans, Air
Capacitor winding. The 2nd capacitor
Compressors,
Motors which is an oil-filled capacitor
Saws
stays with starting winding to
increase the running power
factor.

- Smaller type of split-phase - Floor type

Fan Motors
motor use for cooling fans, Wall &
(Cont…) 17
purposes. Desk Fans,
 Different Types of  Induction Motors
Type Appearance Characteristics Applications

- Starting winding is
Fan Motors , Fans for unit
permanently connected to the
(Cont…) heaters
source.

- An AC Motor varying in size - Table top

Shaded from 1/100 to 1/20 Hp. electric fans,
Pole Clocks,
Motors - It is use for very low starting Electric Can
torque. Opener

18
 Different Types of  Induction Motors
Type Appearance Characteristics Applications
- Vacuum
cleaner, Food
A - Is a fractional horsepower mixer, Electric
motor ranging from 1/22 to Drill, Power
1/3 Hp. Handsaw,
Universal
- It has high torque and is Grinder,
Motors
capable to operate either on Sewing
Direct Current or Alternating Machine,
Current. Osterizer, Egg
Beater, Other
Handy tools

To Summarize :
Induction Motor – is a type of motor that no current is conducted to one of the
motor elements (Field or Armature). The current in one of these elements
results from an induced voltage and for that reason it is called an induction
motor. Available in single and three-phase.
19
Can we remove the Slip to have constant revolution ?

+
- S
S
AC Source
N N N N
S

S
+
E
-

DC Source
Squirrel Cage Rotor

20
Result would be :

INDUCTION MOTOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Synchronous Motor – current conduction is present on both motor elements

(Field and Armature). Coil windings are added to the rotor and connected to
an external DC power supply by slip rings and ring brushes. Synchronous
motors are designed for constant revolution applications. Available in three-
phase only. 21
Understanding the Rotating Magnetic Field in 3Motors

a1
b
a1 a2
c2
2 b1 b2
c1 b c1 c2
a2 1

22
Understanding the Rotating Magnetic Field in 3Motors

a1
b N c2 a1 a2
2 N b1 b2
S c1 c2
c1 b
S
a2 1

m1

23
Understanding the Rotating Magnetic Field in 3Motors
a1
b N c2 a1 a2
2 N b1 b2
c1
S b c1 c2
S
a2 1

m1

24
Understanding the Rotating Magnetic Field in 3Motors
a1
b c2 a1 a2
2 S N b1 b2
c1
S Nb c1 c2
a2 1

m1

25
Understanding the Rotating Magnetic Field in 3Motors
a1
b S c2 a1 a2
2 S b1 b2
c1 Nb c1 c2
N
a2 1

m1

26
Understanding the Rotating Magnetic Field in 3Motors
a1
b S c2 a1 a2
2
S
b1 b2
c1
N b c1 c2
N
a2 1

m1

27
Understanding the Rotating Magnetic Field in 3Motors
a1
b c2 a1 a2
2 N
S
b1 b2
c1
N Sb c1 c2
a2 1

m1

28
Understanding the Rotating Magnetic Field in 3Motors
a1
b N c2 a1 a2
2 N b1 b2
c1 Sb c1 c2
S 1
a2
m1

ROTATING
MAGNETIC FIELD
29
 Three phase motors
reversing the rotation

L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3

T2 T2
T1 T3 T1 T3

30
 CONCENTRIC WINDING
1st LAYER

T1
T4

2nd LAYER

T5
T2

3rd LAYER

T6 T3

31
stator
CONCENTRIC WINDING

T1 T6 T5 T2 T3 T4

A B C A B C A B C A B C

T4 T5 T6
T1 T2 T3

32
CONCENTRIC WINDING

33
 lap WINDING

T1 T4

T5 T2

T3 T6 34
 lap WINDING
stator

T1 T5 T3 T2 T4 T6

A B C A B C A B C A B C

T4 T5 T6
T1 T2 T3

35
lap WINDING

36
Standards:
Terminal Markings of 3 Motors

Nema: ISO: ISO:

Nema:
USA and Canada Europe USA and Canada Europe

1 U / U1 7 U’ / U3

2 V / V1 8 V’ / V3

3 W / W1 9 W’ / W3

4 X / U2 10 X’ / U4

5 Y / V2 11 Y’ / V4

6 Z / W2 12 Z’ / W4

37
Classification of 3 Motors according to the # of leads out:
 3 Leads-out (fixed connection)
 6 Leads-out (Delta or Star Connection)
 9 Leads-out (Star or 2-Star Connection)
 12 Leads-out (Delta, 2-Delta, Star, 2-Star Connection)
Standard Terminal Connection for 3 Motors:
 6 Leads-out

1 2 3 1 2 3
Delta Star
Connection Connection
6 5 4 6 5 4

 9 Leads-out
1 2 3 1 2 3
Star Double Star
8
7 8 9 Connection 7 9 Connection
4 5 6 4 5 6 38
 12 Leads-out

Connection L1 L2 L3 Tie

Delta 1 12 2 10 3 11 4 7 5 8 6 9

1 12 2 10 3 11
2 - Delta
7 6 8 4 9 5

10 11
Star 1 2 3 4 7 5 8 6 9
12

4 5 10 11
2 - Star 1 7 2 8 3 9
6 12

39
 Stator Windings
(Three-Leads Out)
T1 T2 T1

T3 T2
T3

WYE CONNECTED DELTA CONNECTED 40

 Stator Windings
(Six-Leads Out, Dual Voltage)

CONNECT:
T1 T4
HIGH VOLTAGE T4,T5,T6
CONNECTION
T2 T5 (WYE)

T3 T6 LOW VOLTAGE T1,T6

CONNECTION T2,T4
(DELTA) T3,T5

Motors for Wye-Delta Starting

41
 Stator Windings
(Nine-Leads Out, Wye-Connected, Dual Voltage)

T1
CONNECT:
T2
T4
T7 HIGH VOLTAGE T4,T7
T5 CONNECTION T5,T8
T8 (SERIES WYE)
T6,T9

T9 T1,T7
LOW VOLTAGE
T6 CONNECTION
T2,T8
T3,T9
(PARALLEL WYE)
T4,T5,T6
T3

42
 Stator Windings
(Nine-Leads Out, Delta-Connected,Dual Volatge)

T1
CONNECT:

HIGH VOLTAGE T4,T7

T9 T4 CONNECTION T5,T8
T6 (SERIES DELTA)
T6,T9
T7

T1,T6,T7
LOW VOLTAGE
T3 T2,T4,T8
T8 T5 T2 CONNECTION
(PARALLEL DELTA) T3,T5,T9

43
 Stator Windings
T T T T
1 4 7 10 (Twelve-Leads Out, Dual Voltage)
T T T T
2 5 1 Motors for Wye-Delta Starting
8
T T T T1
1
3 6 9 2
CONNECT:
CONNECT: T4,T7
HIGH VOLTAGE T5,T8

HIGH VOLTAGE
T4,T7 CONNECTION T6,T9
T2,T10
T5,T8
CONNECTION (SERIES DELTA) T3,T11
T6,T9 T1,T12

(SERIES WYE) T10,T11,T12

T1,T7
T2,T8
LOW VOLTAGE
CONNECTION T3,T9 LOW VOLTAGE T1,T7,T6,T12
(PARALLEL WYE) T4,T5,T6 CONNECTION
(PARALLEL DELTA) T2,T8,T4,T10
T10,T11,T12
T3,T9,T5,T11
44
 POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

– Like the transformer, it helped make the ac

power distribution more popular than dc
systems
– More reliable and cheaper to manufacture
than commutator motors

45
 Squirrel-Cage Rotor Motor

• Has no slip-rings, commutators, brushes, and

other centrifugal devices
• Practically indestructible, since rotor bars are not
affected by centrifugal force
• Clearance between rotor and stator core is
usually 0.5mm

46
 Different Types of 3 Motors
Type Appearance Characteristics Applications

- Has no slip rings, commutators,

brushes and other centrifugal
Squirrel devices. - Industrial
Cage - Practically indestructible, rotor and
Induction bars not affected by centrifugal commercial
Motors force. use.
- Cheaper than Wound-Rotor
Motors.
- Has an insulated wye-
connected three-phase winding
connected to slip rings mounted
on the shaft.
- Develop high starting and - Industrial
Wound
accelerating torque. and
Rotor
commercial
Motors - Efficiency is directly use.
proportional to the operating
speed.
- More expensive than squirrel 47
cage rotor motor.
 Different Types of 3 Motors
Type Appearance Characteristics Applications
- Does not depend on
induced voltage on the
rotor to produce torque.
- Must have DC
excitation to operate. - Industrial
Synchron
- Operate at a constant and
ous
speed (revolution) from commercial
Motors
full-load to no load. use.
- Practical speed =
Synchronous Speed.
- Has the ability to
correct power factor.

48
 NEMA Motor Characteristics
Speed-Torque Relationships : NEMA B
Motors
Starting Torque – torque at rest
which is “Locked Rotor
Torque. Approximately
150% of full load torque.

Accelerating Torque – as the

motor picks-up speed,
torque decreases slightly for
sometime. As speed
continues to increase, torque
increases until its maximum,
200% of full load torque.
Also called as “Pull-up
Torque.”

Break-down or Pull-out Torque –

Extra
motor is overloaded beyond
Affordable
motor’s torque capability.
At Your Reach! 49
 NEMA Motor Characteristics
Start and Full-Load Current Relationships : NEMA B
Motors
Starting Current – referred to as
Locked-Rotor Current and
is measured from the supply
line at rated voltage and
frequency with motor at
rest.

Full-Load Current – is the

current measured from the
supply line at rated voltage,
frequency and load with the
rotor at up speed.

Extra

Affordable

At Your Reach! 50
 NEMA Motor Characteristics
Speed-Torque Relationships : NEMA C
Motors
Hard to start applications such as
plunger pumps, heavily loaded
conveyors, and compressors,
require this higher starting
torque. Slip and full-load
torque is about the same as
NEMA B. Single speed motors,
5 Hp to 200 Hp.

Starting Torque – it reaches

approximately 225% of full
load torque.

51
 NEMA Motor Characteristics
Speed-Torque Relationships : NEMA D
Motors
Very hard to start applications such
as punch presses, cranes,
hoists, and oil-well pumps
require this high starting
torque. Motors typically with
5% to 8% slip or 8% to 13%
slip.

Starting Torque – it reaches

approximately 280% of full
load torque.
Break-down Torque – no break-
down torque. Torque decreases
immediately once starting
torque is reached.
Extra

Affordable

At Your Reach! 52
 AC Motor Enclosures
Open Drip Proof (ODP)

- Open enclosure that permit cooling air to flow.

- Has fan blades to assist in moving the air.

- Has vent opening angle at 15 deg. from the
vertical.
Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated (TENV)

- Restricts free exchange of air between the inside

and outside of the motor.
- Enclosure is not air-tight.
- Heat dissipation by conduction. Heavily ribbed.

- Can be used for indoors and outdoors

applications.
53
 AC Motor Enclosures
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC)

- Similar to TENV.
- Has fan that provides additional cooling by
blowing.
- Can be used in dirty, moist, or mildly corrosive
operating conditions.

Explosion Proof (XP)

- Similar in appearance with TEFC.

- Enclosure is on cast-iron.

54
 Motor Insulation Class

 Hot Spot – is a margin allowed to provide for a point at the center of the motor’s
winding where the temperature is higher.
 A 10 deg. C increase in the operating temperature can decrease the motor’s
insulation life expectancy as much as 50%.

55
End of AC Motors

Welcome to
AC Motor Controls

56