GANESH INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL & SR.

SECONDARY,
Tal. CHIKHALI, Dist. PUNE

11 Class
th

Chapter 8
*CELL - THE UNIT OF LIFE*
L1
MR. PAWAR NAYAN
BIOLOGY EXPERT
 Introduction
• It is estimated that there are 10
Million living species on Earth.
• All these living organisms are
made of cells.
• The Cell is the simplest collection
of matter that can live.
• Micrographia Book – Robert Hook
• First Animal like cell – Animalcules – Leeuwenhoek
• Father of Microbiology – Robert Koch _discovered Tuberculosis
• Purple Pigments - Anthocyanin
• Cell wall is made up of – Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Pectin
• Joining of one plant cell to the other plant cell is due to
Plasmodesmata.
• No division of labour in Unicellular Organisms.
• Sea anemone + Clown fish = Symbiotic relationship
 First Observations – Robert Hooke -
• Robert Hooke, in 1665, observed
many tiny, Hollow, Room like
structures in a thin slice of cork
through a compound microscope.
• He termed them as ‘Cells’.
• The words cell is derived from the
Latin word “Cellula” which means a
little room.
 Discovery of Cells – Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first observed living cells.
• In the year 1673, he invented hand crafted microscopes.
• He discovered single celled organisms and termed as
‘animalcules’.
 Matthias Schleiden

• German botanist Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881)

• In 1838, Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of
cells.

MR. PAWAR NAYAN

BIOLOGY EXPERT
 Theodor Schwann
• German zoologist Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)
• In 1839, Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals
were made of cells.
 Theodor Schwann
• Theodor Schwann
reported that animal cells
had a thin outer layer
which is now called
Plasma Membrane.
• He also concluded, that the
presence of cell wall is a
unique of the plant cells.
 Rudolph Virchow
• German physician Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902)
• Rudolf Virchow further expanded through cell theory
by using ‘Omnis cellula-e-cellulla’ which means all
cells arise from pre-existing cells (1855).
 Concept of Cell Theory
• Basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
• All living organism is made of cells.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• The cell theory can be stated as follows.
Classification of Living Organism-
Based On Number
• An organism can be either unicellular (made up of a
single cell) or Multicellular (Made up of multiple
cells). Living
Organisms

Unicellular Multicellular
Organisms Organisms
 Unicellular Organisms
• Unicellular organisms perform all necessary functions
like a digestion, respiration, etc. by single cell.
• Paramecium, amoeba, bacteria, euglena etc.
 Multicellular Organisms
• Multicellular organisms comprise of many
groups of specialized cells called tissues to
perform particular function.
• Examples: Plants, Fungi and animals
 MCQs Quiz
1. Which one is the largest unicellular organism.
a. Planaria b. Acetobacteria c. Blue green algae d. Yeast

MR. PAWAR NAYAN

BIOLOGY EXPERT
L2

Virus
• Anything less than a
complete structure of cell
does not ensure independent
living.
• Example : Virus
Living Organisms
 Cell Size
• Cells range in size from one millimetre down to one micrometre.
• Bacteriophage ranges between 10 to 100nm.
Largest Cell:
Smallest cell: Bacteria – 3 to Nerve cell (up
Mycoplasma 5 um to 1 meter)
(Bacteria – 0.3
um Nerve Cell
Mycoplasma
Bacteria

Human red Human Egg:

blood cells are 100um
Ostrich Egg about 7.0 um in
Biggest single diameter
cell: Ostrich Human Egg
Human Red
Egg
Blood Cell
 Cell Shape - Functions
Thin & Flat for
Absorption -
Disc Shape for
Epithelial Elongated –
Sliding - RBC
Tracheids
RBC – Disc Like Epithelial - Polygonal
Nerve – Thread Like
Irregular Shape to Engulf - WBC

Thin and Long

– To Carry
impulse
WBC - Oval WBC - Irregular WBC - Round Tube Like Shape to
Transport - Tracheids
 Cell Shape – Functions
• Cell are of different shapes.
They may be disc-like,
RBC – Disc Like
polygonal, columnar, cuboid, Epithelial - Polygonal
thread like, or even irregular.
The shape of the cell may vary
with the function they perform.
Epithelial - Cuboidal

WBC - Oval WBC - Irregular WBC - Round Tube Like Shape to

Nerve – Thread Like Transport - Tracheids
 Types of Cells
• Cells are of two types
Type of Cells

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cells Cells
E.g. Bacteria, Blue E.g. Plant Cells and
Green Algae Animal Cells
 MCQs Quiz
1. Robert Brown discovered
a. Cell wall b. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus d. Nucleus
2. Which of the following is the exception of cell theory
a. Bacteria b. Fungi c. Lichen d. Virus
3. Who proposed the theory that “cell arise only from the pre-existing
cells”
a. Mohl b. Virchow c. Haeckel d. Brown
L3

Prokaryotes
• Prokaryotic organisms are structurally
smaller and simpler organism.
• Extremely small: 1-1.5um wide and 2-
6um long.
• Examples includes bacteria, Blue-green
algae, mycoplasma & PPLO (Pleuro
Pneumonia Like Organisms).
Comparison of Eukaryotic Cell
With Other Organisms
 Bacteria Shapes
Spiral - Spirillum
• Bacteria will occur in three basic shapes:

Spherical – Coccus Rod – Shaped - Bacillus

Comma Shaped - Vibrio

 Prokaryotic Cell – Cell Envelope
• Cell Envelope includes:
• Glycocalyx
• Cell wall
• Plasma membrane
 MCQs Quiz
1. Cell theory states
a. All cells are living b. All cells have nucleus
c. Cell are fundamental unit of living organisms
d. Cell reproduce by mitosis and meiosis
2. A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0.1 and 1.0um. What
does its size tell you about how it might be classified?
a. It must be a single celled protists
b. It must be a single celled fungus
c. It could be almost any typical bacterium
d. It could be a very small bacterium
 MCQs Quiz
1. The word “Prokaryote” means a cell
a. With many nuclei b. With one nucleus
c. Without nucleus d. Without chloroplast
2. The site of respiration in bacteria is
a. Episome b. Mesosome (Cytoplasmic membrane)
c. Ribosome d. Microsome
3. Bacteria whose cell has only a curve/comma is
a. Vibrio b. Cocci c. Spirilli d. Bacilli
L4
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger
than prokaryotic cell
 Eukaryotic Cell
• Eukaryotic cells contain DNA in a
nucleus that is bounded by a
membranous nuclear envelope.
• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm in the region between
the plasma membrane and nucleus.
• Membrane-bound organelles.

MR. PAWAR NAYAN

BIOLOGY EXPERT
 Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles
• Eukaryotic cells are
compartmentalized.
• They contain small
structures called organelles.
• Perform specific functions.
• Isolates reactions from
others.
 Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles
• Two classes of organelles:
• Endomembrane system
• Organelles that
communicate with one
another.
• Via membrane channels
• Via small vesicles
 MCQs Quiz
1. Plasmids are
a. Viruses b. New micro-organism
c. Extra chromosomal genetic material d. None of these
2. Glycocalyx of fibres on some bacteria so present is made up of
a. Protein b. Fat c. Polysaccharide d. None of the above
L5

MCQs Quiz
1. Plasma membrane is made up of
a. A protein layer between two lipid layers
b. A lipid layer between two protein layers
c. A protein a lipid & a cellulose layer
d. Phospholipid bilayer, protein, carbohydrate, proteins, cholesterol
2. Which pair of structures are usually found in both plant and animal
cell.
a. Cell membrane & Nucleolus b. Cell membrane & Cell wall
c. Nucleolus & Chloroplast d. Nucleus & Cell wall
 Plasma Membrane
• The plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the
living cell from its surroundings.
• It is found in plant and animal cells.
 Plasma Membrane - Structure
• The plasma membrane is
made of phospholipid
bilayer, protein,
carbohydrate, proteins,
cholesterol.
• Phospholipid are the most
abundant lipid in the plasma
membrane.
 Phospholipid Component
• The lipid component of the membrane mainly consist
of phosphoglycerides
 Phospholipids – Amphipathic
Nature
• Phospholipids are
amphipathic molecules,
containing hydrophobic
and hydrophilic regions
Membrane Transport Passing Through
The Barrier of a Cell
 Fluid Mosaic Model
• In 1972, J. Singer & G. Nicolson proposed that
the plasma membrane is a mosaic of proteins
dispersed within the phospholipid bilayer, with
only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water.
 Fluid Mosaic Model
• The fluid mosaic model states
that a membrane is a fluid
structure with a “mosaic” of
various proteins embedded in
it.
• Phospholipids in the plasma
membrane can move within
the bilayer.
• Most of the lipids, & some
proteins, drift laterally.
1. Phospholipids are
a. Amphipathic b. Amphibolic c. Hydrophobic d. None of these
2. Ion carriers are located in
a. Nucleus b. Cell wall c. Cellular space d. Plasma membranes
3. When a cell engulf or surrounds a particle and forms a vesicle
around it, the phenomenon is known as
a. Exocytosis b. Phagocytosis c. Endocytosis d. None of these
 L6
MCQs Quiz
1. Which of the following does not require carrier molecules during transport through cell membranes
a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion
c. Na+, K+ transport d. Active transport of sugars & amino acids
2. The minute protoplasmic connections between cells are called
a. Chiasmata b. Plasmodesmata c. Tractile fibres c. Ultra-cellular strands
3. Middle lamella is
a. Present inside the primary wall b. Present inside the secondary wall
c. Present outside the primary wall d. Present in between secondary & tertiary wall
4. The strength & rigidity of a cell wall is due to the substance known as
a. Suberin b. Cellulose c. Lignin d. Pectin
 Fluid Mosaic Model – Proteins
• A membrane is a collage of different
proteins embedded in the fluid matrix
of the lipid bilayer.
• Proteins determine most of the
membrane’s specific functions.
• Peripheral proteins are bound to the
surface of the membrane.
• Integral proteins penetrate the
hydrophobic core.
• Integral proteins that span the
membrane are called transmembrane
proteins.
 Molecules Cross Cell
Membrane
BY

Passive BY
Active
Transport Moving
Down Transport
May Be Moving
Down Requires
Concentration
Facilitated Gradient
Diffusion ATP
Diffusion Uses Uses

Transport
Small Non Polar Polar Proteins
Molecules Molecules
 Diffusion
• Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the
available space.
• Although each molecule moves randomly, diffusion of a population of
molecules may exhibit a net movement in one direction.
• At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross one way as cross in
the other direction.
 Diffusion
• Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient, the difference in
concentration of a substances from one area to another.
• No work must be done to move substances down the concentration
gradient.
• The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane is passive
transport because it requires no energy from the cell to make it happen.
 Osmosis
• Osmosis is the diffusion of
water across a selectively
permeable membrane.
• Water diffuses across a
membrane from the region
of lower solute
concentration to the region
of higher solute
concentration.
L7

Tonicity
• Tonicity is the ability of solution to cause
a cell to gain or lose water.
• Isotonic solution: Solute concentration is
the same as that inside the cell; no net
water movement across the plasma
membrane.
• Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration
is greater than that inside the cell; cell
loses water.
• Hypotonic solution: Solute concentration
is less than that inside the cell; cell gains.
 MCQs Quiz
1. Who observed the “mitochondria” first
a. Kolliker b. Robert Brown c. Robert Hooke d. Altmann
2. F1 particles are also called
a. Electron transport particles b. Elementary particles
c. Cytochromes d. Cristae

MR. PAWAR NAYAN

BIOLOGY EXPERT
 Energy – Related Organelles
• Energy related organelles
• Mitochondria are the sites of
cellular respiration, a
metabolic process that
generates ATP.
• Chloroplasts, found in plants
& algae, are the sites of
photosynthesis.
 Energy – Related Organelles
• Mitochondria & chloroplasts
• Are not part of the endomembrane
system.
• Have a double membrane
• Have proteins made by free ribosomes.
• Contain their own DNA.
 Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are present in
nearly all eukaryotic cells.
• They are smaller than
chloroplast.
• Shape – sausage shaped or
cylindrical having a diameter of
0.2-1.0um (average 0.5um) and
length 1.0-4.1um
Mitochondria Structure
• Surrounded by a double membrane.
• They have a smooth outer
membrane & an inner membrane
folded into cristae.
• The inner membrane creates two
compartments: intermembrane
space &mitochondrial matrix.
• Cristae present a large surface area
for enzymes that synthesize ATP.
• Some metabolic steps of cellular
respiration are catalysed in the
mitochondrial matrix.
 Mitochondria - Structure
• Contain ribosomes (70S) and their own DNA.
• The mitochondria divide by fission.
 Mitochondria –
Structure - Function
• Matrix – Inner semifluid
containing respiratory enzymes.
• Break down carbohydrates.
• Involved in cellular respiration
(aerobic respiration).
• Produce most of ATP utilized by
the cell.
• They are called ‘power houses’ of
the cell.
 Plastids
• Plastids are found in all plant cells & in Euglenoids.
 Types of Plastids
• Based on the types of pigments plastids can be classified into
Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts & Leucoplasts.
Types of Plastids

Leucoplasts Chloroplasts Chromoplasts

Hibiscus
 Plastids - Chromoplasts
Chromoplasts –
• In the Chromoplasts fat soluble carotenoid pigments
like Carotene, Xanthophylls & others are present.
• Impart colour, a yellow, orange or red colour to plants.
 Plastids - Leucoplasts
Leucoplasts -
• The leucoplasts are the colourless
plastids of varied shapes & sizes
with stored nutrients:
• Amyloplasts store carbohydrates
(Starch), e.g., potato
• Elaioplasts store oils & fats
• Aleuroplasts store proteins.
Hibiscus

MR. PAWAR NAYAN

BIOLOGY EXPERT
 Plastids - Chloroplasts
• The chloroplasts is a member of a
family of organelles called plastids.
• Chloroplast contain the green
pigment chlorophyll, as well as
enzymes & other molecules that
function in photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts are found in leaves &
other green organs of plants & in
algae.
 MCQs Quiz
1. Autonomic genome system is present in
a. Ribosomes and chloroplasts b. Mitochondria and ribosomes
c. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts d. Golgi-bodies & mitochondria
 Chloroplasts
• They are of various shape &
size.
• Shape – oval, spherical,
discoid or even ribbon – like
organelles.
• Size-length (5-10mm) and
width (2-4mm).
• Green plants are found in the
mesophyll cells of the leaves.
 MCQs Quiz
1. Lipid bilayer is present in
a. Plasma Membrane b. Ribosome c. Chromosome d. Nucleolus
2. In prokaryotic cells.
a. Internal compartment are absent b. Nucleus is absent
c. Ribosomes are 70S d. All of the above
3. DNA acts as a template for synthesis of
a. RNA b. DNA c. Both (a) & (b) d. Protein
4. Difference between prokaryote & Eukaryote is in
a. Cell size b. Cell shape
c. Chemical composition of protoplasm d. Organisation of nuclear material
5. The term ‘Protoplasm’ coined by
a. Virchow b. Purkinje c. Dujardin d. Kolliker
6. Within the nucleus DNA is organised along with proteins into material called.
a. Nuclear lamina b. Chromatin c. Chromosome d. Chromatid
7. The mineral present in cell wall is
a. Na b. Ca c. K d. Mn
8. Meselson and Stahl experiment proved
a. DNA is a genetic material b. Central dogma
c. Transformation d. Semi-conservation DNA replication
e. Transduction
9. RNA has uracil instead of
a. Cytosine b. Guanine c. Thymine d. None of these
10. Which of the following is characteristics of phospholipids of plasma membrane?
a. One non-polar head & two polar tails b. One polar head & two non-polar tails
c. Two non-polar heads & one polar tail d. Two polar heads & one non-polar tail
d. Two polar heads & two polar two polar tails
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