Civil Engineering Study Program (CESP)

State Polytechnic of Malang

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INTRODUCTION
General Requirements
Limit State Design
Specifications / Standards

ANALYSIS & DESIGN METHOD

Method of Design
Safety Provisions
Loads

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Concrete Properties
Steel Bar Properties
Reinforced Concrete & Steel Arrangement
Exercise 2
3
What Should Structural Engineers Really Do ?
To fulfill the A E S6 Criteria
* AESTHETIC Beauty
* ECONOMY Economy
* STRENGTH
PERFORMANCE
* STABILITY
BASED
* STIFFNESS Durability
DESIGN
* SERVICEABILITY
* SOUNDNESS
* SUITABILITY Convenience

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1. Stability
a. Static
b. Dinamic
2. Strength
a. Static
b. Dinamic
3. Serviceability
a. Deflection
b. Lateral Drift
c. Crack
d. Vibration
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4. Durability
a. Minimum compression strength
b. Depth of concrete covering
c. Cement Content
d. Cement Type
e. ........

5. Fire Resistance
a. Depth of concrete covering
b. Minimum dimension
c. Depth of protection material
d. Duration of Fire Resistance

6. Structural Integrity
Protection of progressive collapse
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1. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
a. Loss of equilibrium
b. Rupture
c. Progressive collapse
d. Formation of plastic mechanism
e. Instability
f. Fatigue

2. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

a. Excessive deflections
b. Excessive crack width
c. Undesirable vibration 7
3. SPECIAL LIMIT STATES
a. Damage or collapse in extreme earthquake
b. Structural effects of fire, explosions or
vehicular collisions
c. Structural effects of corrosion/deterioration
d. Long-term physical or chemical instability
(not a major problem in concrete structures)

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a. Tata Cara Penghitungan Struktur Beton untuk
Bangunan Gedung, SNI 03-2847-1992

b. Tata Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan Gempa

untuk Rumah dan Gedung, SNI 1726-1989-F

c. Tata Cara Perencanaan Pembebannan

untuk Rumah dan Gedung,SNI-1727-1989-F

d. Tata Cara Perencanaan Bangunan dan

Lingkungan untuk Pencegahan Bahaya
Kebakaran pada Bangunan Rumah dan
Gedung, SNI-1735-1989-F
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e. Tata Cara Perencanaan Struktur Bangunan untuk
Pencegahan Bahaya Kebakaran pada Bangunan
Rumah dan Gedung, SNI-1736-1989-F

f. Local/Regional Standards regarding to Building

Construction Regulation.
i.e :DKI Jakarta : Peraturan Daerah Khusus Ibukota
Jakarta, No.7 tahun 1991, tentang Bangunan dalam
Wilayah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta

g. Another Standards published by Public Work

Department (PU), Research & Development Division
of Public Work Department.
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h. Another Additional Standards dealt with
subjects that uncovered by Standar
Nasional Indonesia (SNI),
i.e : American Concrete Institute (ACI),
New Zealand Code, British Standards etc.

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12
 Working Stress Design /
Allowable Stress Design - ASD

 Ultimate Strength Design /

Load & Resistance Factor Design - LRFD

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  PBI 1971  SNI
* Allowable Stress Load & Resistance
Design (ASD) Factor Design (LRFD)
R
Q  SF Q  R
* Ultimate Strength
Design
R
s Q  m p
Where :
Q = load  = load factor
R = nominal strength of material  = reduction factor 14
SF = safety factor
 R
Q 
SF

Where :
Q = load
R = nominal strength of material
SF = safety factor

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  Q   Rn

Where :
 = load factor
 = reduction factor
Q = load
Rn = nominal strength of material
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1. Overloaded probability  covered by Load Factor
U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
= 1.05 (D + LR  E)
= 0.9 D  E
= 0.75 (1.2 D+1.6 L+1.6 W) etc….

2. Understrength probability  covered by Reduction

Factor
 Bending without axial load  = 0.80
 Axial Tension  = 0.80
 Axial Compression
* conventional stirrup  = 0.65
* spiral stirrup  = 0.70
 Shear and Torsion  = 0.60
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3. Reasons for Safety Factor Necessity
1. Variability in Strength
a. Variability of concrete strength &
steel reinforcement
b. Actual dimension  design dimension
c. Simplification of Assumptions

2. Variability in Loading

3. Consequences of Collapse
a. Loss of human life
b. Loss of material, time, ......
c. Cost of renovation and re-built
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LOAD & REDUCTIONureFACTOR
il
Fa

>
R =
R
fe Ln (R / Q)
S S S a =
 (VR2 + VQ2)
Load effect, Q

R
Q1 1 S
>

Q2 Pf = 460 e-4.3
2
R1 R2
 = 3.5 ; Pf = 1.1 x 10 -4
 = 4 ; Pf = 3.2 x 10 -5
Resistance, R  = 4.5 ; Pf = 3 x 10 -6

 = R e -VR
Frequency

y
R = R/RN

 = U e VU
0 Y=R-Q
P [(R - Q) < 0] Safety margin
= shaded area = Pf
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10-3 Motorcycle racing Avoidable risks connected
Mining with daring people = 10-3 per year
Automobile travel
10-4 Swimming Avoidable risk connected
Airplane travel with careful people = 10-4 per year
Fire in Building
10-5 Poisoning Unavoidable risk :
Structural collapse = 10-5 per year

10-6
Lightning

10-7

10-8 Vaccinations

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VARIABILITY IN STRENGTH
40

Minimum specified
30
Number
20

10

54 60 66 72 78 84 90

Yield Stress (Ksi)

Distribution of steel yield stress for

grade 60 reinforcement (Allen 1972)

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VARIABILITY IN STRENGTH - Cont´d.

80

Yield Strength (Ksi)

70 • •
• •
• • • • •
• • • •
• • • •
• •
•
60 •

50

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 18

Bar Size
Variation in mill test yield strength with
bar size grade 60 reinforcement (Grant 1976)
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VARIABILITY IN STRENGTH - Cont´d.

60 57.4
N = 1844
x = 0.06 in
Frequency (%)
50

40
 = 0.28 in
30
Range = 2.25 in

20 15.8
12.9

10 6.2
3.0 1.8 2.3
0.1 0.2 0.3

-1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0

X = Deviation from size on drawings

Difference between actual widths of
columns and the sizes shown on drawings.
(Tso and Zelman 1970)
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 VARIABILITY IN STRENGTH - Cont´d.
40
Minimum specified for any bar
Minimum specified for any lot of bars
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Number

20

10

0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06

Area / Nominal Area

Ratio of actual bar area to nominal area
(Allen 1972)
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VARIABILITY IN STRENGTH - Cont´d.
40 40

Number of Columns (%)

35 35
Number of Beams (%)
30 30

25 25
Average = 1.01 Average = 0.98
20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Mtest / Mcalc Ptest / Pcalc

Comparison of strengths calculated

using rectangular stress block to
strength measured in laboratory tests.
(Mattock et al.1961)
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 VARIABILITY IN STRENGTH - Cont´d.

Maximum Strength
800
Axial Load Mean Strength
(Kips) 600
ACI Strength

400 Minimum Strength

200

0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Moment (Kips)
Dispersion of strengths of eccentrically
loaded columns in a randomly generated
sample of 1000 columns (Grant 1976).

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SUBSTANTIAL PARAMETERS CAUSE DEVIATION
IN CONCRETE STRUCTURE DESIGN
BENDING fy 63 %
BEAMS As 24 %

BENDING d 56 %
SLABS fy 31 %
As 12 %

COLUMNS fc’ 89.9%

fy 9.8%

SHEARS s 70 %
fy 16 %
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1. Mass unit of building material :
Steel = 7850 kg/m3
Un-reinforced concrete = 2200 kg/m3
Reinforced concrete = 2400 kg/m3
Wood/timber = 1000 kg/m3
Glass = 2500 kg/m3
Sand = 1800 kg/m3
Soil = 2000 kg/m3
Water = 1000 kg/m3
2. Dead load of building component :
Cement specimen with 10 mm thick = 0.21 kPa
Aspalt with 10 mm thick = 0.14 kPa
Brick wall (one brick thick) = 4.50 kPa
Brick wall (½ brick thick) = 2.50 kPa
Batako wall with 200 mm thick = 2.00 kPa
Batako wall with 120 mm thick = 1.20 kPa
Ceiling with AC ducting = 0.30 kPa
Granite floor = 0.26 kPa
Floor specimen with 10 mm thick = 0.22 kPa 28
Precast panel + granite = 4.50 kPa
 Live Loads Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of
Slab and Frame* Earthquake*
Room Secondary Beam
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1. Office 2.50 - 4.00 1.50 - 2.40 0.75 - 1.20

2. Hotel, hospital, 2.50 1.875 0.75

Apartment

3. School 2.50 2.25 1.25

4. Market, Dept.store 2.50 2.00 2.00

5. Parking Area :
- single floor 0.80 7.20 4.00
- others 4.00 3.60 2.00

6. Multifunction Hall 5.00 4.50 2.50

7. Library, storage 4.00 - 5.00 3.20 - 4.00 3.20 - 4.00

8. Stair :
- Office 3.00 2.25 1.50
- Hotel 3.00 2.25 0.90
- Others 3.00 2.70 1.50 29

* Reduced Live Load (LR)

Number of storey Live Load Reduction Coefficient multiplied with
supported by column sum of axial live load supported by columns
1 1.0
2 1.0
3 0.9
4 0.8
5 0.7
6 0.6
7 0.5
more than 7 0.4

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31
STANDARD SPECIMEN COMPRESSION
STRENGTH

SNI Cylinder fc’ = 15, 20, 25,

15 x 30 cm2 30, 35 ….
(0.83) (MPa)

PBI’71 Cube K 175, 225, 300

15 x 15 x 15 cm3 ……
(1.0) bk’ (kg/cm2)

K 225 bk’ = 225 kg/cm2

fc’ = 18.3 MPa
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 CORRELATION OF CYLINDER AND CUBE SPECIMEN
Cube Specimen Cylinder Specimen
(150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) (150 mm x 300 mm)
(MPa) (MPa)
15 12
20 16
25 20
30 25
35 30
40 35
45 40
50 45
55 50
Note : For seismic region, compressive strength fc’  20 MPa
should be used (SNI-03-2847-1992, 3.14.2.4(1))
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TYPE NOTATION ELEMENTS

BjTP24 5  16 beam, column

un-deformed bar
with fy = 240 MPa 10 - 200 slab

BjTD40 5 D 16 beam, column

deformed bar
with fy = 400 MPa D13 - 150 slab
Practically :
U 24  fy = 240 MPa = 240 kg/cm2)
U 39  fy = 3900 kg/cm2 34
STEEL PROPERTIES
Type of Nominal Cross Yield Ultimate
Steel Bar diameter Section strength strength
(mm) Area fy fu
(mm2) (MPa) (MPa)

BjTP-24 6 6 28.30
8 8 50.30
 10 10 78.50
 12 12 113.00 Minimum Minimum
 16 16 201.00 240 390
 19 19 284.00
 22 22 230.00
 25 25 491.00

BjTD-40 D 10 10 78.50
D 13 13 133.00
D 16 16 201.00
D 19 19 284.00 Minimum Minimum
D 22 22 380.00 400 570
D 25 25 491.00
D 29 29 661.00
D 32 32 804.00
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IS A COMBINATION BETWEEN :

CONCRETE
which has a good performance in
Compression but poor in Tension

and  
STEEL
which has a good performance
both in Tension and Compression
  36
 CONCRETE + STEEL IS A GOOD COMBINATION

 A strong bondage between

steel bar and concrete
surround it could prevent
the occurrence of slip.

 Concrete has a high impermeability for protecting stee

from corrosion

 Concrete and Steel have a close thermal expansion valu

 so the stress difference due to termal is not
significant ( 1.2 x 10-5 /C) 37
 1 compression

1
1-1 tension
Crack

Bending Moment (+)

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 2
tension

2
Crack compression
2-2

Bending moment (-)

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 Draw the deflection shape and the cracking -
pattern developed at this continuos beam.

 Draw the bending moment diagram of beam.

 Draw the reinforcement arrangement for beam.

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End of presentation