2.1 Describing Motion (Press Read-Only To Open)

KFUPM PYP001 (Term 201)
Chapter 2.1: Describing Motion
Listen! the hearts find peace only in

the remembrance of Allah.
...Surah Ra’d, Ayat 28
Prepared By:
Abul Lais
2.1 Describing
Motion
Read textbook
p44 – 50
Very Important Words – Eng/Arabic
English Arabic English Arabic English Arabic
describing ‫وصف‬ move ‫نقل‬ direction
‫اتجاه‬
motion ‫حركة‬ from ‫من‬ Average
‫متوسط‬
Distance ‫مسافة‬ to ‫إلى‬ speed
‫السرعة‬
Displacement ‫إزاحة‬ start ‫بداية‬ Total/sum
‫مجموع‬
length ‫الطول‬ end ‫النهاية‬ product
‫منتج‬
actual ‫فعلي‬ point ‫نقطة‬ take
‫يأخذ‬
Object/thing ‫شيء‬ Straight ‫مستقيم‬ part
‫جزء‬
Travel ‫السفر‬ line ‫خط‬ Journey/trip ‫رحلة‬
value ‫قيمة‬ x-axis/y-axis ‫المحور‬ Minus (–) ‫ناقص‬

‫ص‬/‫السيني‬
Slope/gradient ‫ميل‬ add ‫أضف‬ above ‫في االعلى‬
graph ‫رسم بياني‬ together ‫سويا‬ up ‫فوق‬
specific ‫محدد‬ without ‫بدون‬ down ‫تحت‬
Position/
time ‫زمن‬ Place/location ‫موضع‬ right ‫اليمين‬
bigger ‫أكبر‬ Initial ‫مبدئي‬ left ‫اليسار‬
faster ‫بسرعة‬ Final ‫نهائي‬ positive ‫إيجابي‬
Instantaneous Plus (+) curved
find ‫تجد‬ Average speed ‫السرعة المتوسطة‬ drives ‫يقود‬
difference ‫فرق‬ Dimensions ‫األبعاد‬ shown ‫مبين‬
below ‫أدناه‬ Hour ‫ساعة‬ which ‫الذي‬
North ‫شمال‬ minute ‫دقيقة‬ represents ‫يمثل‬
south ‫جنوب‬ second ‫ثانية‬ race ‫سباق‬
east ‫الشرق‬ day ‫يوم‬ during ‫أثناء‬
west ‫الغرب‬ year ‫عام‬ Coordinate system ‫نظام اإلحداثيات‬
negative ‫سلبي‬ run ‫يركض‬ same ‫نفسه‬
function ‫دالة‬ Constant/fixed ‫ثابت‬ segment ‫قطعة‬
Table of Contents
1 Motion & Coordinate System
2 Distance and Displacement
3 Speed
4 Distance-time graphs
What is motion? (p44)
• It’s a change in an object’s position relative to a

reference point
 ‫تغيير في موضع الكائن بالنسبة إلى نقطة مرجعية‬


reference point
 ‫تغيير في موضع الكائن بالنسبة إلى نقطة مرجعية‬

Reference point
= stationary point
= non-moving point
1
1

reference point (p44)
• But… reference point is not enough.
• Need reference frame to distinguish
between different directions
• reference frame = coordinate system
Y
3
2
1
x
0
-1
-2
-3
-4 -2 1 2 3 4 5
-3 -1 0
What is Coordinate system? (p45)
A coordinate system has:

1. 2 perpendicular axis (x-axis and y-axis) (-2, 2)
2. A reference point/origin (0, 0)
What’s useful about coordinate system?
• Every position has a unique number (x, y)
(2,-2)
• E.g. mail truck = (3, 2)
• Use geometry formula to calculate distances
What is Coordinate system? (p45)
A coordinate system has:

1. 2 perpendicular axis (x-axis and y-axis) (-2, 2)
2. A reference point/origin (0, 0)
What’s useful about coordinate system?
• Every position has a unique number (x, y)
(2,-2)
• E.g. mail truck = (3, 2)
• Use geometry formula to calculate distances
Table of Contents
3 Speed
Straight-line length
from start to
end point
Actual path length
from start to
end point
Distance and Displacement (p45)
Distance = the actual length an object

travels from start to end point
Displacement = Straight-line length and
direction from start to end point
Distance
Displacement
Displacement (p45/46)
2 important issues about Displacement

1. Why do we need direction?
2. How to add many displacements?
2 important issues about Displacement

• Imagine a thief has displacement
50 m away from you
• In which direction do you run?
50 m
2 important issues about Displacement N

• Imagine a thief has displacement
50 m away from you 35°
• In which direction do you run?
50 m
• Thief is 50 m away, at 035° with respect to north.
• With distance + direction, you can find the thief easily
25
X
Y
26
X
Y
27
X
28
• In simple cases, problem is 1-D not 2-D
• No need angles (e.g. 035° from north) to give direction

• Just use 2 words: (east/west), (north/south), (up/down), (right/left)
• In simple cases, problem is 1-D not 2-D
West East
South North Example
Down Up + 5 m East
Left Right = – 5 m West
Back Front
– +
Displacement (p46)
2. How to add many displacements?

• For 1-D, can add/subtract directly
• For 2-D, must use geometry formulas
Distance
Displacement
Displacement = 0 Displacement < Distance Displacement = Distance

𝟎≤∨𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 ∨≤Distance
Displacement = 0 Displacement < Distance Displacement = Distance
Table of Contents
3 Speed
Speed (p46)
• Speed = distance an object travels per unit time
• Any units of distance/time gives speed = km/h, km/s, m/min

• To convert units e.g. 20 m/s to km/h:
20 m/s = 20 = 20 x km/h = 72 km/h

Distance-time graphs (p49)
Asteroid speed ~ 40000 m/s = 40 km/s

36
Speed (p48/49)
• 2 types: Average speed vs instantaneous speed

1. Average speed of total journey = total distance/total time
Applies for a time interval (whether 5 s or 5 days)
2. instantaneous speed  at a particular time (e.g. right now)  from

speedometer reading
• Think of your class…
1. Starts at 7 a.m. (a particular time)
2. Lasts 50 mins (a time interval)
Table of Contents
3 Speed
4 Distance- & Position-time graphs

• 3 things to learn:
1. Distance travelled
over any time
interval
2. Average speed
over any time
interval
3. instantaneous
speed at any point
in time = slope
over any time
interval
(2000 – 800) m
2. Average speed
over any time = 1200 m
interval
3. instantaneous
speed at any point
in time = slope
over any time
interval
(2000 – 800) m
2. Average speed
over any time = 1200 m
interval (25 – 10) m =
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
3. instantaneous
15 min
𝒗= 𝒎/𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝟖𝟎𝒎/𝒎𝒊𝒏
speed at any point
in time = slope
𝟏𝟓
instantaneous
Distance-time graphs (p49) speed = slope
=
1. Distance travelled over any
time interval
2. Average speed over any time
interval
1200 – 400
3. instantaneous speed at any = 800 m
point in time = slope
For constant speed, instantaneous
30 – 20 = 10 min
speed = average speed = constant
speed
Distance vs Position
Distance or
Position
10 m
5m
5m
Time
43
Read textbook
p44 – 50
Summary – what you must know!
1. Difference between distance & displacement

. |𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭| ≤ Distance
2. 𝟎≤
Average speed = add each part of the journey together without caring about direction
3. .
add ALL times including non-driving time (eat, sleep, buy gas etc)
4. From Position-time graph, can find:
Quantity How to find?
1 Position Just read from y-axis
2 Displacement Look at starting & final position, & take difference
3 Total Distance just add each part of the journey together without
caring about direction
4 Average speed
5 Instantaneous speed Find value of slope (= y/x) at specific time (bigger
|slope| = faster speed)
Old Exam
Questions
2.1 Describing Motion
Solutions
Solutions
3.
3. A person travels by car from one city to another. He drives for 30.0
min at 80.0 km/h, 12.0 min at 105 km/h, and 45.0 min at 40.0 km/h,
and he spends 15.0 min eating lunch and buying gas. What is the
average speed for the trip?
Average speed =
= + + =
=
(191 Final, Q4)
Average speed =
= + + hrs
(191 Final, Q4)

Average speed =
hrs
Average speed = (191 Final, Q4)
Average speed =
= + + =
=
= + + hrs
Average speed = (191 Final, Q4)
4.
For speed, we don’t care about

the direction. So, we don’t
worry about whether object is
moving forward (positive
slope, +) or moving backwards
(negative slope, –)
We only need to find out how

fast the object moving, not
which direction it’s going
Velocity = slope of position-
time graph
Speed = |slope| of position-
time graph
Slope = velocity |Slope| = Speed
I –20 20
II +10 10
III 0 0
IV –40 40
biggest value of Speed = |slope| is

part IV
5.
5. A bus moves 10 km east, 20 km north, 10 km east, and then 5.0 km

south. What is the magnitude of the displacement of the bus?
10 km End 5 km
Displacement
=
20 km
= 25 km
20 – 5
= 15 km
Start
10 km
10 km
(191 Major 1, Q4)
6.
Find value of constant velocity, v
= = = =
from 0 s to 1.5 s, the car has travelled, d = vt = 10 m/s x 1.5 s = 15 m
Final position (at t = 1.5 s)
= Initial position (at t = 0 s) + displacement (from 0 s to 1.5 s)
= 0 + 15
= 15 m
7.
7. Ahmad bicycles from his home to the school 3.00 km east and then
2.00 km north. Mahmoud’s home is located 1.50 km west of Ahmad’s
home. If Mahmoud was able to meet Ahmad at the school by bicycling
in a straight line, what is the length and direction he must travel?
Mahmoud’s
House km
. 92 2 km
= 4
3 km
1.5 km (182 Major 1, Q1)
Ahmad’s House
8.
8. In a 2.0 km race, a red boat starts at 4.0 m/s for the first 1500 m, but
slows down to 3.1 m/s for the rest of the race. A green boat goes a steady
3.6 m/s for the first 1200 m and then 3.9 m/s for the remainder. Which
boat wins the race and by how much time? (182 Major 1, Q2)
3.1 m/s for 500 m
4.0 m/s for 1500 m
( 𝟒
+)( )
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝟑 .𝟏
=𝟓𝟑𝟔. 𝟑 𝒔
3.9 m/s
3.1 m/s for 1200 m for 800 m
( 𝟑.𝟔 )( )
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟖𝟎𝟎
+
𝟑.𝟗
=𝟓𝟑𝟖 .𝟓 𝒔
2000 m 𝟓𝟑𝟖.𝟓− 𝟓𝟑𝟔.𝟑=𝟐.𝟐𝐬

9.
Velocity at 4 min (a moment in

time), means it’s the
0 – 20 = instantaneous velocity
– 20 m
instantaneous velocity =
slope of position-time graph
=
4–0=
4 min 𝐒𝐨,𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬𝟓𝒎/𝒎𝒊𝒏
10.
Similar steps as question 3

11.
Similar steps as question 4

Speed = |slope| of position-

time graph
Slope |Slope| = Speed
A -20 20
B 10 10
C 40 40
So, biggest value of Speed = |

slope| is part C
12.
d2 = 28 m/s x (15 x 60) s

= 25200 m
d1 = 22 m/s x (30 x 60) s =25.2 km
= 39600 m End
= 39.6 km
Displacement
= straight-line from start to end
= 39.6 km – 25.2 km
= 14.4 km North
Start
13.
Solutions
• Average speed = Total distance/total time

• Total distance does not depend on direction of travel
(whether up or down), just add all distances for each
part of travel from vertical (distance) axis:
|6 – (– 6)| m + | – 6 – (+ 6)| m = 24 m
• Total time: read from horizontal (time) axis:
24 s – 0 s = 24 s
• Average speed = 24 m/20s = 1.2 m/s
14.
Solutions
See next question

15.
Let the total travel time be T, so half the time is T/2
T/2 hours at 50
km/h, so d1 = v1t T/2 hours at 100 km/h, so
= (T/2) x 50 d2 = v2t = (T/2) x 100
d1 d2
d1 + d2 = 100 km
16.
Solutions

(whether up or down), just add all distances for each
part of travel from vertical (distance) axis:
|100 – 50| m + |0 – 100| m = 150 m
100 s – 0 s = 100 s
• Average speed = 150 m/40 s = 3.75 m/s
17.
Solutions
Final position = initial position + displacement
= 23 m East + 45 m West Rule
If the direction is
= 23 m East – 45 m East
changed (west to
= –22 m East east), the sign also
changes (+ to –)
= +22 m West
Since positive x (+x) is defined as east, then negative x
(– x) becomes west.
i.e. 22 m west is x = –22 m (west = negative x)
18.
Solutions
• tfast =
• tslow =
• Waiting time = tslow – tfast

19.
20.
Solutions
• The ball goes from –6.0 m (0 s) to 6.0 m (4 s) and back to
–6.0 m (20 s)
• The ball starts from –6.0 m (at 0 s), so a child must be at
–6.0 m
• The ball stops at 6.0 m (from 4.0 to 8.0 s), so a child
must at 6.0 m there to hold the ball
• Hence the two children must be sitting at –6.0 m & 6.0 m
21. The figure below describes the position of an object

as a function of time. How much is the displacement of
the object in 8.0 seconds?
A) 3.0 m.
B) 8.0 m.
C) 2.0 m. 3m
D) 5.8 m.
(171 Major 1, Q1)
22.
Solutions

(whether north, south, east, west), just add all distances
• Total time includes travelling time and resting time
• Total distance = 280 km + 210 km = 490 km
• Total time = (280/80) hr + (30/60) hr + (210/75) hr = 6.8
hrs
• Average speed = 490 km/6.8 hrs = 72.0 km/h
23.
Solutions
• Average speed = 16 km/h x 5 h/day = 80 km/day

• total time = Total distance/Average speed = (800/80)
days = 10 days
24.
Solutions

for each part of travel from vertical (distance) axis:
|1 – 3| m + |1 – 1| m + |3 – 1| m = 4 m
5s–0s=5s
• Average speed = 4 m/5 s = 0.8 m/s
25.
Start and end at same position (2 m),
so displacement = 2 – 2 = 0
Solutions
• Displacement = change in position

from start to end
• Displacement is not determined by
total distance or actual path
travelled
• Object goes from 2 m (start) to 0 m to
3 m and back to 2 m (end)
• Displacement = end position – start
position = 2 m – 2 m = 0 m
26.
Solutions
• speed at a certain time (2:25 PM in this question) actually

means instantaneous speed = Slope of position-time graphs
0 m /10 min = 0 m/min = )2:20 PM – 2:10 PM(/)m – 600 m 600(

27.
28.
Solutions

(whether go or return), just add all distances
• Total time = going time + returning time
=(120/60) hr + (120/40) hr = 5 hrs
• Average speed = 240 km/5 hrs = 48 km/h
29.
Total distance = 4 + 2 = 6 km
Average speed
= Total distance/total time
= 6 km/(5/60) hr = 72 km/h
Change mins to hours (divide by 60)

30.
• Look carefully at the axes
• (I) and (II) are position-time graphs
• but (III) and (IV) are speed-time graphs
• Slope of position-time graphs = speed
• Slope of speed or velocity-time graph =
acceleration
• So constant (nonzero) speed means:
(i) position-time graphs with constant,
nonzero slope or
(ii) speed or velocity-time graph with zero
slope
Only option (I) is a suitable answer
31.
Solutions

(whether north, south, east, west), just add all
distances
• Total time = (2/8) hr + (3/6) hr = 0.75 hrs
• Average speed = 5 km/0.75 hrs = 6.7 km/h
32.
32.
Total distance = 20 + 10 + 10 = 40 m
Average speed
= Total distance/total time
= 40 m/100 s = 0.40 m/s
33.
Solutions
• Average speed = 16 km/h x 10 h/day = 160 km/day

• total time = Total distance/Average speed = (800/160)
days = 5 days
34.
Solutions
• speed at a moment in time (2:25 PM in this question) means

instantaneous speed = slope of position-time graphs
800 m/10 min = = )2:30 PM – 2:20 PM(/)m – 600 m 1400(

80 m/min
35.
Solutions
5 km east
3 km south
5 km west
•Just draw
Displacement the 3 paths “head to tail” like above
•then
= 3 kmfind
south the line joining the start and end
point
•That is the answer for displacement
36.
Solutions

• Total time = (30/60) hr + (15/60) hr + (45/60) hr = 1.5 hrs
• Average speed = 150 km/1.5 hrs = 100 km/h

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KFUPM PYP001 (Term 201)

Chapter 2.1: Describing Motion

Listen! the hearts find peace only in

value ‫قيمة‬ x-axis/y-axis ‫المحور‬ Minus (–) ‫ناقص‬

2 Distance and Displacement

• It’s a change in an object’s position relative to a

 ‫تغيير في موضع الكائن بالنسبة إلى نقطة مرجعية‬

• It’s a change in an object’s position relative to a

 ‫تغيير في موضع الكائن بالنسبة إلى نقطة مرجعية‬

• It’s a change in an object’s position relative to a

A coordinate system has:

A coordinate system has:

2 Distance and Displacement

Distance = the actual length an object

2 important issues about Displacement

2 important issues about Displacement

2 important issues about Displacement N

• In simple cases, problem is 1-D not 2-D

• No need angles (e.g. 035° from north) to give direction

• In simple cases, problem is 1-D not 2-D

2. How to add many displacements?

Displacement = 0 Displacement < Distance Displacement = Distance

2 Distance and Displacement

• Speed = distance an object travels per unit time

• Any units of distance/time gives speed = km/h, km/s, m/min

20 m/s = 20 = 20 x km/h = 72 km/h

Asteroid speed ~ 40000 m/s = 40 km/s

• 2 types: Average speed vs instantaneous speed

2. instantaneous speed  at a particular time (e.g. right now)  from

2 Distance and Displacement

4 Distance- & Position-time graphs

1. Difference between distance & displacement

(191 Final, Q4)

For speed, we don’t care about

We only need to find out how

biggest value of Speed = |slope| is

5. A bus moves 10 km east, 20 km north, 10 km east, and then 5.0 km

2000 m 𝟓𝟑𝟖.𝟓− 𝟓𝟑𝟔.𝟑=𝟐.𝟐𝐬

Velocity at 4 min (a moment in

Similar steps as question 3

Similar steps as question 4

Speed = |slope| of position-

So, biggest value of Speed = |

d2 = 28 m/s x (15 x 60) s

• Average speed = Total distance/total time

See next question

• Average speed = Total distance/total time

• Waiting time = tslow – tfast

21. The figure below describes the position of an object

• Average speed = Total distance/total time

• Average speed = 16 km/h x 5 h/day = 80 km/day

• Average speed = Total distance/total time

• Displacement = change in position

• speed at a certain time (2:25 PM in this question) actually

0 m /10 min = 0 m/min = )2:20 PM – 2:10 PM(/)m – 600 m 600(

• Average speed = Total distance/total time

Change mins to hours (divide by 60)