Chemistry

The study of matter and how it changes

Happily drinks mercury till

his death at age 49
What is matter?
 What are matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass
 What are matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass

Three
categories

Solid Liquid Gas

They follow the Kinetic Theory of Matter

Kinetic Theory of Matter

What can you deduce

from here?
 Kinetic Theory of Matter

The theory says:

1. All matter are made up of tiny particles
2. Particles are always vibrating/moving
3. Particles move randomly
 Kinetic Theory of Matter

The theory says:

1. All matter are made up of tiny particles
2. Particles are always vibrating/moving
3. Particles move randomly
This random motion is called:
Brownian Motion
Brownian Motion

Expect to see straight

downward path..

Curved path observed

Instead..
Brownian Motion

Expect to see straight

downward path..

Curved path observed

Instead..
Brownian Motion

Explains why ink drops in

water
Why do “brownian motion” happen?

Particles colliding
with one another
 Kinetic Theory of Matter

The theory says:

1. All matter are made up of tiny particles
2. Particles are always vibrating/moving
3. Particles move randomly
This random motion is called:
Brownian Motion
 Kinetic Theory of Matter

The theory says:

1. All matter are made up of tiny particles
2. Particles are always vibrating/moving
3. Particles move randomly
This random motion is called:
Brownian Motion
4. At high temperature, particles move faster
5. Heavier particles move faster
Factors affecting Diffusion
 Diffusion
Diffusion
- Process where particles in different matters mix due to random movement
of particles
 Diffusion
Diffusion
- Process where particles in different matters mix due to random movement
of particles

NH3 HCl
Lighter Heavier
 Diffusion
Diffusion
- From high concentration to low concentration
There are three states of matter
 There are three states of matter

Particles in different states behave differently

 There are three states of matter

Arrangement of particles Fixed Random Random

Force of attraction Strong Medium Weak

Movement Vibrate at 1. Random 1. Random

fixed
2. Slide over 2. Freely and
position
one another far apart
Matters can change state 改换状态 .
 Changes of States

Matters can change from one state to another state.

 Changes of States

1. Melting
1 2 2. Boiling
3. Condensation
4. Freezing
4 3 5. Sublimation
6. *Deposition

6
 Changes of States

1. Melting
1 2 2. Boiling
3. Condensation
4. Freezing
4 3 5. Sublimation
6. *Deposition

6
 Changes of States

Matters can change from one state to another state.

This happens when heat is absorbed or released

 Changes of States
During heating

Remember: Particles have force of attraction between each other

1. During heating, particles of solid gain heat energy

2. Particles have more energy and vibrate faster
3. At melting point, particles in solid have enough energy to break free
from the force of attraction
4. Particles can now move freely and form liquid
 Changes of States
During heating

Remember: Particles have force of attraction between each other

1. During heating, particles of liquid gain heat energy

2. Particles have more energy and move faster
3. At boiling point, particles in solid have enough energy to break free
from the force of attraction
4. Particles can now move freely form gas
 Changes of States
During cooling

Remember: Particles have force of attraction between each other

1. During cooling, particles lose heat energy and move slower.

2. The particles pulled closer to each other by the force of attraction
3. Particles becomes less free and condenses into liquid.
 Changes of States
During cooling

Remember: Particles have force of attraction between each other

1. During cooling, particles lose heat energy and move slower.

2. The particles pulled closer to each other by the force of attraction
3. The particles cannot move freely and solidifies into solid
Atoms Chemicals

Elements Compounds
Substance made Substance made
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
 Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Nucleons Electrons Elements Compounds

• Protons
Substance made Substance made
• Neutrons
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
 Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Nucleons Electrons Elements Compounds

• Protons
Substance made Substance made
• Neutrons
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms

Isotopes
Atoms
Atoms (smallest particle of an element)
Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break
 Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break

Two oxygen atoms

 Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break

Two oxygen atoms

Two chlorine atoms

 Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break

Two oxygen atoms Iron atoms

Two chlorine atoms

 Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break

Two oxygen atoms Water Iron atoms

(1 Oxygen atom and 2
hydrogen atoms)

Two chlorine atoms

 Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break

Two oxygen atoms Water Iron atoms

(1 Oxygen atom and 2
hydrogen atoms)

Methane
Two chlorine atoms
(1 carbon atom and 4
hydrogen atoms)
 Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break

Two oxygen atoms Water Iron atoms

(1 Oxygen atom and 2
hydrogen atoms)

Methane Carbon dioxide

Two chlorine atoms
(1 carbon atom and 4 (2 Oxygen atoms and 1
hydrogen atoms) carbon atom)
 Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break

Atomic force microscope

Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break

Images from AFM

Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we
cannot break

Copper metal Images from AFM

Atoms
Atoms Chemicals
Atoms Chemicals
Atoms Chemicals

Elements
Substance made
up of
ONLY ONE
TYPE of atoms
Atoms Chemicals

Elements Compounds
Substance made Substance made
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
 Which of the following are elements?

Two oxygen atoms Water Iron atoms

(1 Oxygen atom and 2
hydrogen atoms)

Methane Carbon dioxide

Two chlorine atoms
(1 carbon atom and 4 (2 Oxygen atoms and 1
hydrogen atoms) carbon atom)
 Elements

Example: Solid Argon at -230

How do you know that it is an

Ar Ar Ar Ar element?

Ar Ar Ar Ar

Ar Ar Ar Ar
 Elements

Example: Solid Argon at -230

How do you know that it is an

Ar Ar Ar Ar element?

Ar Ar Ar Ar
Substance made up of
ONLY ONE TYPE of atoms
Ar Ar Ar Ar
 Elements

Example: Solid Argon at -230

How do you know that it is an

Ar Ar Ar Ar element?

Ar Ar Ar Ar
Substance made up of
ONLY ONE TYPE of atoms
Ar Ar Ar Ar

Argon atoms
 Elements

Example: Solid Argon at -230

Ar Ar Ar Ar

Ar Ar Ar Ar

Ar Ar Ar Ar

Argon atoms
 Elements

Example: Solid Argon at -230

Ar Ar Ar

Ar Ar Ar Ar

Ar Ar Ar Ar

Argon atoms
 Elements

Example: Solid Argon at -230

Ar Ar

Ar Ar Ar Ar

Ar Ar Ar Ar

Argon atoms
 Elements

Example: Solid Argon at -230

Argon atoms
 Elements

Example: Solid Argon at -230

 Sub-atomic particles

Example: Solid Argon at -230

Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Elements Compounds
Substance made Substance made
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Elements Compounds
Substance made Substance made
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Elements Compounds
Substance made Substance made
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
 Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Nucleons Elements Compounds

• Protons
Substance made Substance made
• Neutrons
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
 Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Nucleons Electrons Elements Compounds

• Protons
Substance made Substance made
• Neutrons
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
Nucleons (Protons and Neutrons)
Sub-atomic particles
Sub-atomic particles

Nucleus
Sub-atomic particles

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons
Sub-atomic particles

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons Nucleons
Sub-atomic particles

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons Nucleons

1. The number of protons

is called proton number
also known as atomic number
Sub-atomic particles

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons Nucleons

1. The number of protons

is called proton number
also known as atomic number
2. The number of neutrons
is called…
number of neutrons
Sub-atomic particles

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons Nucleons

1. The number of protons

is called proton number
also known as atomic number
2. The number of neutrons
is called…
number of neutrons
3. Total number of protons and neutrons
is called nucleon number
also known as mass number
Sub-atomic particles

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons Nucleons

1. The number of protons

is called proton number
also known as atomic number
2. The number of neutrons
is called…
number of neutrons
3. # of protons + # of neutrons =
# of nucleons
Practice Problems
State the number of protons, neutrons
and nucleons
FOCUS

Nucleus of Nucleus of
Atom A Atom B
Proton
Neutron

Nucleus of Nucleus of
Atom C Atom D
To make life easier, we can express the nucleons and the elements as symbols
 To make life easier, we can express the nucleons and the elements as symbols

Nucleon number
A

Z
X Type of element

Proton number
Practice Problems
State the symbols for the following elements

Z
X Nucleus of
Atom A
Nucleus of
Atom B

Nucleus of Nucleus of
Atom C Atom D
In the previous slide…
 Use of proton number and neutron number

Proton number = Type of element Atomic number

Nucleon number = Mass of the element Mass number
 Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Nucleons Elements Compounds

• Protons
Substance made Substance made
• Neutrons
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
 Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Nucleons Electrons Elements Compounds

• Protons
Substance made Substance made
• Neutrons
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
Electron and electron shells
Sub-atomic particles

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons Nucleons
Sub-atomic particles

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons Nucleons

Electrons and electron shells

Electrons and electron shells

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons
Electrons and electron shells

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons

1st shell
2nd shell
3rd shell

4th shell
Electrons and electron shells

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons
Max # of electrons
1st shell
2nd shell
3rd shell

4th shell
Electrons and electron shells

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons
Max # of electrons
1st shell 2
2nd shell
3rd shell

4th shell
Electrons and electron shells

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons
Max # of electrons
1st shell 2
2nd shell 8
3rd shell

4th shell
Electrons and electron shells

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons
Max # of electrons
1st shell 2
2nd shell 8
3rd shell 8 (or 18)

4th shell
Electrons and electron shells

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons
Max # of electrons
1st shell 2
2nd shell 8
3rd shell 8 (or 18)

4th shell 32
(You just need 2)
 Electrons and electron shells

Electrons MOVE in the electron shells

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons
Max # of electrons
1st shell 2
2nd shell 8
3rd shell 8 (or 18)

4th shell 32
(You just need 2)
 Electrons and electron shells

Electrons MOVE in the electron shells

Nucleus
• Protons
• Neutrons
Max # of electrons
1st shell 2
2nd shell 8
3rd shell 8 (or 18)

4th shell 32
(You just need 2)
 Electrons and electron shells

The last shell containing electrons in an atom is called the valence shell
 Electrons and electron shells

The last shell containing electrons in an atom is called the valence shell

Valence shell

Valence electron
 Usage of Electrons

In a neutral atom, electron number (-) = proton number (+)

 Usage of Electrons

In a neutral atom, electron number (-) = proton number (+)

- + + - - ++ - - + -
+
 Usage of Electrons

In a neutral atom, electron number (-) = proton number (+)

positive ion, proton > electron
negative ion, electron > proton

- + + - - ++ - - + -
+

Charge = 0 Charge = +1 Charge = -1

 What you have learnt so far…

Proton number
Atomic number = Type of elements A
Nucleon number
Mass number = Mass of element
Z
X
Number of electrons
In a neutral atom, electron number (-) = proton number (+)
positive ion, proton > electron
negative ion, electron > proton
Practice Problems
Element type # of neutrons # of electrons # of protons Charge
Na +1
Mg +2
Ca 18 20
29 0
23 +3
F 9 -1
Cl 18 17
C 6 6
14 0
H +1
Practice Problems

Element type # of neutrons # of electrons # of protons Charge

3+

2-

2+
 Electrons and electron shells

We can represent number of electrons as diagram OR electron arrangements

Neutral atoms
Element # of Electron
type electrons arr.
 Electrons and electron shells

We can represent number of electrons as diagram OR electron arrangements

Chemical reactions
Neutral atoms Ions
Element # of Electron
type electrons arr.
 Electrons and electron shells

We can represent number of electrons as diagram OR electron arrangements

Chemical reactions
Neutral atoms Ions
Element # of Electron Element # of Electron
type electrons arr. type electrons arr.
2+

2-

2-

+
 Electrons and electron shells

We can represent number of electrons as diagram OR electron arrangements

Chemical reactions
Neutral atoms Ions
Element # of Electron Element # of Electron
type electrons arr. type electrons arr.
12 2.8.2 2+ 10 2.8
8 2.6 2- 8 2.8
16 2.8.6 2- 18 2.8.8
17 2.8.7
- 18 2.8.8
19 2.8.8.1
+ 18 2.8.8
 Electrons and electron shells

We can represent number of electrons as diagram OR electron arrangements

Chemical reactions
Neutral atoms Ions
Element # of Electron Element # of Electron
type electrons arr. type electrons arr.
12 2.8.2 2+ 10 2.8
8 2.6 2- 8 2.8
16 2.8.6 2- 18 2.8.8
17 2.8.7
- 18 2.8.8
19 2.8.8.1
+ 18 2.8.8
 Electrons and electron shells

We can represent number of electrons as diagram OR electron arrangements

Chemical reactions
Neutral atoms Ions
Element # of Electron Element # of Electron
type electrons arr. type electrons arr.
12 2.8.2 2+ 10 2.8
8 2.6 2- 8 2.8
16 2.8.6 2- 18 2.8.8
17 2.8.7
- 18 2.8.8
19 2.8.8.1
+ 18 2.8.8
 Stable Electron Arrangements

KEY CONCEPT
Chemical reactions happen
so they can achieve stable
DUPLET or OCTET arrangement
Stable Electron Arrangements

2 electrons in ONLY in first shell (duplet)

Atoms need to be duplet or

octet to be stable

8 electrons in other shells (octet)

 Stable Electron Arrangements
Example
Atoms Ions

Not Stable Stable

2.8.8.1 2.8.8
Not in octet arrangement Octet arrangement
 Stable Electron Arrangements
Example
Atoms Ions

Not Stable Stable

2.2 2
Not in duplet arrangement Duplet arrangement
 Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Nucleons Electrons Elements Compounds

• Protons
Substance made Substance made
• Neutrons
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms
 Subatomic
particles Atoms Chemicals

Nucleons Electrons Elements Compounds

• Protons
Substance made Substance made
• Neutrons
up of up of
ONLY ONE MORE THAN
TYPE of atoms ONE TYPE of
atoms

Isotopes
Special Topics: Isotopes
 Reminder

Nucleon number
A

Z
X Type of element

Proton number
 Isotopes

12
C
6

Carbon-12
 Isotopes

12 13 14
C 6
C C
6 6

Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14

 Isotopes

12 13 14
C 6
C C
6 6

Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14

# of protons

# of
neutrons
 Isotopes

12 13 14
C 6
C C
6 6

Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14

# of protons 6 6 6

# of 6 7 8
neutrons

Same number of protons

Different number of neutons
 Isotopes

12 13 14
C 6
C C
6 6

Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14

# of protons 6 6 6

# of 6 7 8
neutrons

Same number of protons

Isotopes
Different number of neutons
 Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

12 13 14
C 6
C C
6 6
Isotopes of carbon Carbon-12 Carbon-14
Carbon-13
98.9% 0.1% 0.0001%
 Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

12 13 14
C 6
C C
6 6
Isotopes of carbon Carbon-12 Carbon-14
Carbon-13
98.9% 0.1% 0.0001%

35 36 37

Isotopes of chlorine
Cl 17
Cl Cl
17 17
Chlorine-35 Chlorine-36 Chlorine-37
76% Trace 24%
 Isotopes

Isotopes same chemical properties

 Isotopes

Isotopes same chemical properties

4 proton
5 neutrons
Beryllium-9

4 proton
7 neutrons
Beryllium-11
 Isotopes

Isotopes same chemical properties

4 proton
Charge after chemical
5 neutrons
reaction?
Beryllium-9

4 proton Charge after chemical

7 neutrons reaction?
Beryllium-11
 Isotopes

Isotopes same chemical properties

4 proton
Charge after chemical
5 neutrons
reaction?
Beryllium-9

4 proton Charge after chemical

7 neutrons reaction?
Beryllium-11

Chemical properties decided by electrons

 Isotopes

Isotopes same chemical properties but different physical properties

 Isotopes

Isotopes same chemical properties but different physical properties

More neutrons
Higher nucleon number
“Heavier”

Lee neutrons
Lower nucleon number
“Lighter”
 Isotopes

Isotopes same chemical properties but different physical properties

More neutrons
Higher nucleon number Diffuses slower in air
“Heavier”

Lee neutrons
Lower nucleon number Diffuses faster in air
“Lighter”
 Isotopes

Isotopes same chemical properties but different physical properties

More neutrons
Higher nucleon number Diffuses slower in air
“Heavier”

Lee neutrons
Lower nucleon number Diffuses faster in air
“Lighter”

Physical properties decided by nucleons

 Radioactive Isotopes
Unstable isotopes will SPLIT (decay) to produce radiation
 Radioactive Isotopes
Unstable isotopes will SPLIT (decay) to produce radiation
 Radioactive Isotopes
Unstable isotopes will SPLIT (decay) to produce radiation
 Radioactive Isotopes
Although you won’t be like in the movies..
 Radioactive Isotopes
Although you won’t be like in the movies..

1. Destroyed immune
system

2. Lose body fluids from skin

3. Blood flowing out from

eyes
It’s not all bad though...
 Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Iodine-131
 Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Iodine-131
 Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Iodine-131
 Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Iodine-131

Grave’s Disease
 Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Iodine-131
Treat cancer

Cobalt-60
 Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Iodine-131 Sodium-24
Treat cancer Detect leakages

Cobalt-60
 Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Iodine-131 Sodium-24 Carbon-14
Treat cancer Detect leakages Carbon dating

Cobalt-60