Introduction

Cementing materials
•These are Materials with additive and cohesive properties
•They have capable of uniting and bonding solid particles together
•These are: Lime, gypsum, and Portland cement
Cement
•Is additive substance
•Which when mixed with water form paste
The paste
•Is temporarily plastic and be molded or deformed
•And later it sets and harden to rigid mass
•Cement of this kind are known as calcareous cement
Calcareous cement
• Non hydraulic cement
– Are cement which are not able to set and harden
(e.g., Non hydraulic lime) or stable (e.g. gypsum
plaster) in water.
• Hydraulic cement
– Are cement which are able to set and harden in water
– And give a solid mass that dose not disintegrated.
– Remain stable in water (e.g. Portland cement)
Lime
• It is found in its natural form as rock of varying degree of
hardness
• Mainly composed of calcium oxide(CaO)
• Lime deposits are generally found mixed with impurities
(CO2, FeO3 and MgCO3 ), this acquire different colors
Production of lime
• It involves burning of the row materials and then Slaking
• Depending on the amount of heat and the method of
slaking, the product is hydraulic or non-hydraulic lime
A. Quick lime/ commercial lime
– Burning the natural stone in some of vertical kilns
to a temperature of 1000 oC.
– The CO2 is driven off, leaving the CaO i.e., quick
lime or caustic lime
– White in color and having a specific gravity of
about 3.40
Fig 1.
B. Hydrated/ slaked lime
• Quick lime can never be used for construction
purposes, but must mixed with water. The
processes is called slaking or hydration of lime.
• The resulting product is calcium hydroxide
(Ca (OH)2) – Slacked or Hydrated lime
• It is ready to be made into plaster or mortar by
adding water and sand to form a temporary plastic
mass.
Type of slacking (depending on the amount of water added)
• Wet-slacking
• Dry-slacking
Wet-slacking
• At the building site by mixing quick lime with an excess of
water
• Passed through a fine sieve to remove slow slaking particle
• Left to mature for several days
• Stirred by shovel or stick this - reduce all anhydrated
particles (causes popping, pitting and disintegration)
Dry-slacking
• It is manufactured in a factory under controlled
condition.
• Sufficient water is used to hydrate the quick lime
• then the lumps break in to a dry powder known as
dry hydrate or hydrate lime
• Depending on the impurities present the specific
gravity of hydrated lime varies from 2.08 - 2.4
Preserving quicklime
• Is has much affinity for water and quickly absorb
moisture from atmosphere and air – slacked and loses
its cementing qualities
• Therefore kept in dry storage and carefully protected
from dampness
Setting and hardening of lime
• Slaked lime hardens or sets by gradually losing its water
through evaporation and absorbing CO2 from the air,
thus changing back from Ca(OH)2 to CaCO3 or
limestone
The cycle is completed through
• Burning
CaCO3 + heat CaO +CO2 (quick lime)
•Slaking
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + heat (slaked lime or Hydrated lime)
•Setting
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O (dehydrated lime)

Two type of lime

1.High calcium lime
• Pure, white, reach
• High degree of plasticity(workability)
2. Manganese lime(lean)
poor ,gray,

Fig 2. Completed cycle in lime used as a cementing material

The Use of lime

• It is used mortar for building brick
• Stone masonry
• Plastering walls of buildings
Gypsum plasters
• It is used in arts and in building construction
• A combination of sulphate of lime with water of
crystallization
• It occurs as
– Hydrous sulphate of lime (CaSO4.2H2O)
75% and 24%
– Unhydrous sulphate of lime little or no water of
crystallization
Gypsum rock contain
• Silica, alumina, lime carbonate, carbonate of
magnesia, iron oxide and other impurities
• At least 65% by weight must be Hydrous sulphate of
lime (CaSO4.2H2O)
• Pure gypsum is known as alabstor and
• It is a white translucent crystalline mineral
Generally gypsum is
• Soft that it can be scratched with the fingernail.
• Fire sensitive
• Sets quickly
• Light in weight
• Never used in places exposed to the weather,
moisture, underground moist
Manufacture of plaster
• Gypsum plasters are manufactured by heating the
row materials gypsum at either moderate or high
temperature, the result being plaster of paris or
hard–finish plaster
A. plaster of paris (stucco)-calcined gypsum
– gypsum a good deal of water of
crystallization(24% by wt.)
– If some of H2O is driven off at a temperature just
above the boiling point of water 100 0C, a semi-
hydrated plaster is obtained which is known as
plaster of Paris.
• CaSO4.2H2O (moderate heat) CaSO4.1/2H2O +1/2H2O
Plaster of paris:
• is white powder having a specific gravity of
2.57
• known as low-temperature gypsum
derivative or semi-hydrated plaster.

Fig 3. completed cycle in gypsum used as plaster

• Sets rapidly (5-10 minuets)
• No chemical change but recombination of the semi hydrous
sulphat with H2O take place
• Solid mass of fine interlocking crystal is formed
• It attain ultimate or final strength on drying
Disadvantages:
A. Shrinkage
B. Rapid setting
C. Difficult to work
D. Used for ornamental works due to A & B
B. Hard-finish plaster
• By burning gypsum to a considerably higher temperature
• Unhydrous sulphate or unhydrous plaster or high-
temperature gypsum derivative is produced
• CaSO4.2H2O (High heat) CaSO4. + 2H2O
• When mixed with water, plaster of paris sets very rapidly
whereas hard-finished plaster sets too slowly
• It is reluctant to reabsorb water
• Less soluble in water
Setting retardant s
a. Flour, glue
b. Borax or Alum– is added to finely ground
calcinated gypsum to further improve
warkability and accelerate the eventual
setting
Calcination- the process of drying of water of
crystallization by heat.