Managerial Communication

Why do individuals need to communicate with each other ?

 "Communication is the process of passing information and
understanding from one person to another. It is essentially a bridge of
meaning between people." – Keith Davis 

"Communication is the process of passing information and

understanding from one person to another. It is the process of
imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others." – Theo
Haimann 
 Managerial • Managerial communication is a function
communication which helps managers communicate with
each other as well as with employees
Process by which a manager in an within the organization
organization shares ideas or information
with other managers or members of their
• Managerial Communication helps in the
team.  smooth flow of information among
managers working towards a common
goal. 
 • Interpersonal Communication
Types - Interpersonal communication generally
takes place between two or more
Interpersonal individuals at the workplace.
Organizational
• Organizational Communication
- Communication taking place at all
levels in the organization refers to
organizational communication.
Types of Communication
 Types of
Communication
• The transfer of information(data) from one person to another.
Principles of Communication

• Principles of clarity:
• Principles of purpose:
• Principle of timeliness:
• Principle of correctness:
• Principle of multiple communication techniques
• Principle of attention:
• Principles of consistency.
• Principles of feedback:
 Why is Managerial Communication Important at the
Workplace ?
It is essential for the managers to communicate amongst themselves and also with their team
members.

 Management-employee relations.
 Chances of misunderstanding and misrepresentation can be minimized.
 Effective and speedy decision making system
 Communication is necessary for the exchange of ideas amongst employees within the organization.
 Managerial communication is essential at the workplace to achieve targets within the desired time frame.
 Effective communication also reduces duplicity of work.
 Managers must communicate with their team members to understand and address their grievances and
problems.
 Managerial communication also helps managers set goals and targets for themselves and organization.
 Managerial communication plays a crucial role at the times of crisis.
Functions of Communication 
 Barriers to Effective Communication

• Organizational barrier

• Physical barriers

• Semantic barriers

• Psychosocial barriers

• Technological barriers
Barriers to Effective Managerial Communication
Effective communication at all levels within an organization helps resolve problems within the desired
time frame.

 Partiality and workplace politics are the major barriers to effective communication at the
workplace.
 As responsible managers one must stay away from nasty politics at workplace.
 Listen carefully what the other person has to say before jumping to conclusions.
 Do not address your team members just for the sake of it. Take care of your pitch and
tone.
 Do not address employees during lunch hours or when they are about to leave for the day
 Prefer not to interact verbally.
 Do not communicate separately with your team members as information might not reach
in its desired form. 
Ways to Improve Managerial Communication at Workplace

 One of the best ways for managers to improve communication at workplace is

to know their team members well
 Be a good listener.
 Learn to express your thoughts in a positive way.
 Communicate with your team members on a common platform.
 Be Focused
 Not all places are meant for communication. 
Skills Required for Effective Managerial Communication

 Body Language and overall personality of an individual play an essential

role in effective communication
 People generally like to communicate with someone who is nicely dressed
and presentable.
 Take care of your facial expressions and gestures
 Be Honest. Speak Relevant.
 Be Focused.
 Be Confident. Know when to communicate.
 The History of Communication
This brief guide to the history of communication will break
down the key tools, advancements, and innovations that
changed the game.
 Ancient communication
15th and 16th century communication 
17th century communication 
18th century communication
19th century communication
20th century communication
21st century communication

https://world101.cfr.org/global-era-issues/globalization/two-hundred-years-global-communications
Ancient communication
Ancient communication

The earliest proven form of this is cave paintings. These images usually included scenes of hunting
wild animals or stencils of human hands.

 Before human beings created languages and alphabets, they communicated with both sound and
body language.
 Arguably, the earliest humans related feelings and stories through sounds as well as body and
hand gestures.
 As humankind’s communication abilities developed, other permanent symbols evolved:
 Wooden totem poles
 Egyptian hieroglyphics
 Religious symbols like the Star of David and the Christian cross.
15th and 16th century communication

Communication saw new developments between ancient times and the 15th century. But if we dove into all of
that, our entire history would be reading or writing about communication’s history.

 This all changed after the printing press was invented.

 The Bi Sheng and Wang Chen dynasties in China invented the first
printing press in the 1300s, removing the need to hand write all
paper messages. About 150 years later, Johannes Gutenberg of
Germany crafted a modernized version of the printing press that was
able to mass produce printed materials.

The invention of the printing press gave people the ability to conveniently
produce large amounts of written material, but more importantly, it supported
the flow of information among people.
15th and 16th century communication

Communication saw new developments between ancient times and the 15th century. But if we dove into all of
that, our entire history would be reading or writing about communication’s history.

 This all changed after the printing press was invented.

 The Bi Sheng and Wang Chen dynasties in China invented the first
printing press in the 1300s, removing the need to hand write all
paper messages. About 150 years later, Johannes Gutenberg of
Germany crafted a modernized version of the printing press that was
able to mass produce printed materials.

The invention of the printing press gave people the ability to conveniently
produce large amounts of written material, but more importantly, it supported
the flow of information among people.
17th century communication

The continued popularity of written communication caused the Printing Revolution to spill into the 17th century.

War, famine, and domination became regular concerns of

17th century people. Mentions of these events stirred up
a lot of curiosity among people that were out of the
geographical loop. In 1690, the newspaper was invented
to accommodate those people. Cities all over the world
got into the habit of publishing a newspaper with local
and international news to keep people informed.
18th century communication

In the 18th century, the public postal system was established. Letters were sent before this time period,
but the system was flawed and inefficient. 

 Benjamin Franklin’s involvement in the U.S. postal

system made the delivery of mail more productive.
 Routes were established to boost efficiency, post
offices were created to keep drop off and pick up
locations consistent, and costs were set in place to
make the business profitable.
 The remodeling of the postal service allowed the
sender and receiver communication model to cater to
personal information.
19th century communication

The great minds working towards improving communication took a large step. Electricity was
incorporated into communication channels, coining the term telecommunications.

 Telecommunications is the sending and receiving of

information using electronic means. This can include
wire, radio, or any other electromagnetic device.
 The first of these inventions was the electric telegraph
in 1831 by a man named Joseph Henry. This type of
telegraph allowed messages to be sent and received
over long distances. 
 The popularity of the electric telegraph was still at its
peak when Alexander Graham Bell invented the
telephone in 1876.
20th century communication

Radio and television became a great source of information in the early 1900s. Not only did they
provide musical entertainment, but they also delivered news, sports, and weather to listeners.

 The telephone became mobile in 1981.

 The computer was invented towards the beginning of
the 20th century, but the features for communication
were not created until the mid to late 1900s. In 1965,
online written communication expanded into email,
completely changing the game. 
 Personal computer (PC) was introduced in the 70s,
computer systems slowly became a common
household tool, especially for communication. 
21st century communication

When thinking of modern day communication, keeping the idea of the Information Age in mind
is important.

The importance of information in the 21st century was

fueled by advancements in technology and
communication. The art of providing tools for personal,
professional and widespread communication was
mastered. What a time to be alive!
Purpose Of Managerial Communication
Conclusion-MC Introduction

Managerial Communication by Management Tier

Conclusion-MC Introduction
Four Types of Workplace Communication

Organizational communication is the study of how in a complex,

system-oriented environment people send and receive information
within the organization and the effect that it has on organizational
structure.
Business communication is focused on studying the basic use of both
written and oral skills. For example, business communication will
focus on developing the fundamental concepts of written
communication principles, such as grammar, unity, emphasis,
coherence, construction of standard documents used in a business
environment 
Corporate communication focuses on creating a desired world
reputa-tion and image of the organization. For example, the duties of
a director of corporate communications would include the task of
overseeing the writing of the company’s external documents such as
the annual report.

MC merges business communication, organizational communica- tion, corporate communication, and

management.
Conclusion-MC Introduction

According to Keith Davis, ‘The process of passing the information and understanding
from one person to another. It is essentially a bridge of meaning between the people. By
using the bridge a person can safely across the river of misunderstanding’.

Peter Little defines communication as, ‘Communication is the process by which

information is transmitted between individuals and/or organizations so that an
understanding response result’.

The study of management and communications theories that work together at all
levels of the organization to inform, persuade, or entertain is MC.
 Communicators
It's identifying the type of communicator you are and
knowing the type of communicator the person is that you
are communicating with.
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4 common types of communicators:
Analytical Communicators
They lead with data.

Who are analytical communicators?  

Analytical communicators are direct. They rely on solid data and facts for explanation. They avoid
emotional validation when thinking. A linear approach is taken when communicating with others.
Very specific language is used to convey messages.  They have the ability to make rational decisions
without emotions clouding their judgement.

How to communicate with analytical communicators? 

• Make points using supportive data and facts.
• Be articulate and logical.
• Approach them when ideas are completely formulated.
• Give them time to think it through and form conclusions without pressure.
• When making recommendations, show examples of outcomes for both sides of the argument.
• Answer questions with well thought out responses.
Intuitive Communicators
They lead with the big picture.

Who are intuitive communicators?  

Intuitive communicators are concise. They rely on visuals for details and like having options. They
want to understand the high level overview and avoid being held back by details. They are big picture
thinkers and rarely get overwhelmed. Decision making is prompt without over analyzing specifics.

How to communicate with intuitive communicators? 

•Make points from a big picture context.
•Show a variety of ideas.
•Use visuals to aid discussions.
•Discuss high level before going into details.
•Focus on end results rather than intricate processes.
Functional Communicators
They lead with process.

Who are functional communicators?  

Functional communicators are systematic. They believe in structured processes. They want to
understand execution in a step by step format.  Organization and sequential outlines are essential
to avoid mishaps. Details and established practices influence decision making.

How to communicate with functional communicators? 

•Address points methodically with orderliness.
•Establish a purpose before initiating conversation.
•Focus on processes from start to finish.
•Show projects details with timelines and milestones.
•Ask specific questions to create detailed processes.
Personal Communicators
They lead with emotion.

Who are personal communicators?  

Personal communicators are diplomatic. They value people’s thoughts and feelings. They prioritize
relationships. Establishing rapport at a personal level is important to them. They are approachable,
great listeners, and advisors. They are perceptive to shifts in people’s moods. Being the mediator to
resolve conflict is their strength. They make decisions through consultation to weigh in on different
perspectives.

How to communicate with personal communicators? 

•Use emotional triggers to address points.
•Be authentic and relatable.
•Be a good listener.
•Relate to emotions through your thoughts on a topic.
•Show receptivity to different points of view.
Forms of Communication
Forms of Communication

Follow your text book

Communication Patterns

Communication patterns consist in
ways communication flows in an
organization. As communicators
endeavor to achieve the four goals of
business communication, they send and
receive messages that are both internal
and external to their organizations. 
7 C’s of Written or Oral Communications

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The 7 C’s of Communication is a checklist

that helps to improve the professional
communication skills and increases the
chance that the message will be
understood in exactly the same way as it
was intended.
 Communication Process
The communication process refers to a series of actions or steps taken in
order to successfully communicate. It involves several components such
as the sender of the communication, the actual message being sent, the
encoding of the message, the receiver and the decoding of the message.
Sender: This is the person that is delivering a message to a recipient.

Message: This refers to the information that the sender is relaying to the receiver.

Encoding: The communicator of the information organises his idea into series of symbols (words, signs, etc.)
which, he feels will communicate to the intended receiver or receivers.

Channel of communication: This is the transmission or method of delivering the message.

Decoding: This is the interpretation of the message. Decoding is performed by the receiver.

Receiver: The receiver is the person who is getting or receiving the message.

Feedback: In some instances, the receiver might have feedback or a response for the sender. This starts an
interaction.
Brain drain: On whole process there is a possibility of misunderstandings at any level and is called brain drain. It
may arise on sender side if they do not choose the adequate medium for delivery of message, by using default
channel and it may also arise when receiver does not properly decode the message. In other words, we can say that
it is breakdown of cycle at any level.
Barriers to Communication
 Communication is fruitful if and only if the messages sent by the sender are interpreted
with same meaning by the receiver.
 If any kind of disturbance blocks any step of communication, the message will be
destroyed. Due to such disturbances, managers in an organization face severe problems
 Barriers to communication result in undesirable reaction and unfavorable response.
 The communication exercise fails because the feedback is absent or falls short of
expectation
 Barriers to communication are caused by environmental, physical, semantic, attitudinal
and varying perceptions of reality
•
Barriers - sender

• Lack of planning

• Vagueness about the “purpose” of communication

• Objectives to be achieved

• Choice of wrong language, resulting in badly encoded message

• Unshared & unclarified assumptions
• Different perception of reality
• Wrong choice of the channel
Barriers - Receiver

• Poor listener • Bias / Lack of trust

• Inattention
• Different perception of reality
• Mistrust
• Lack of interest • Attitudinal clash with sender
• Premature evaluation • Not in a fit physical state
• Semantic
Difficulties
 Environmental and Physical
• barriers
Time – adopt appropriate fast channels of communication
• Space – maintain the distance in the communication exercise as determined by the
situation
• Place – Avoid overcrowded incommodious and ill-lit, ill- ventilated places to achieve
Wrong &communication
effective unclarified assumptions
• Medium – Choose the appropriate medium oral / written (sign (audio/visual) medium.
• All communications are made under some assumptions, which are never communicated
• They may turn out wrong & cause communication failure
• E.g. we often assume that others –
 See the situation as we do
 Should feel about the situation as we do
 Think about the matter as we do
 Understand the message as we understand it

All such assumptions may be incorrect. Hence one should try to verify whenever possible, It helps
communication be effective
Semantic Problems
• The systematic study of transmission of meaning is
semantics
• Any problem arising from the
expression/transmission of meaning are semantic
problems/barriers
• Not always necessary for the meaning in the mind of
sender to be same as that in the mind of receiver
• It is of vital importance for the sender to encode his
message in such a way that receiver decodes it to get
the intended meaning
• One must aim at simplicity, clarity and brevity so as
to minimize the chances of different interpretations.
Use of jargons should also be avoided

A person interprets same word in a different meaning and this will cause barrier between the
communications.
Selective Perception

• Receivers selectively see and hear depending upon their needs, motivations, background,
experience and other personal characteristics
• While decoding the messages they project their own interests and expectations
• Fact is we don’t see reality, we interpret what we see and call it reality

Cultural Barriers
• Same category of words, phrases, symbols, actions, colors mean different things to people of
different countries/ cultural backgrounds
• Understand and accept the cultural variations in individuals and groups. Appreciate them and
adopt your communication style to them.
 Filtering

• Sender manipulates information in such a way that it will be seen more favorably by the
receiver
• The more vertical levels in the hierarchical system, the more chances for filtering

Poor Listening

• Poor listening and hasty evaluation is a major problem

• Reason is mostly people are too much involved in their own problems and pampering their own
egos
• We should keep our eyes, ears open, rise above our egos, empathize with others
Sensory Disability

A sensory disability is a
disability of the senses
(e.g. sight, hearing,
smell, touch, taste).
Types of Sensory Impairment
1.   Hearing Impairment
a)   Hard of hearing people with a mild, moderate or severe hearing loss
b)   Deafened people who were born with hearing and have suddenly become severely or profoundly deaf after learning speech
c)   People born with profound hearing loss
 
2.   Visual Impairment
a)   Only around 4% of blind people have no vision at all, the majority have a combination of very limited or restricted fields of
vision
b)   Blind people have a severe sight impairment
c)   Partially sighted people have some vision which is impaired or reduced
 
3.   Deafblind/ Dual sensory impairment
• People who have a severe degree of visual and hearing impairment.
• Some people may be deafblind from birth, others may be born deaf or hard of hearing and become blind or visually impaired later
in life, or the reverse may be the case.
• This will have a direct impact on the method of communication preferred.
 
4.   Deaf British Sign Language (BSL) User
• People with severe or profound hearing loss, who use BSL to communicate, English, in most cases, is not likely their first language.
• The Deaf BSL User may have difficulty with reading and understanding English whether spoken or written.
A sensory disability is a disability of the senses (e.g. sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste).
As 95% of the information about the world around us comes from our sight and hearing, a
sensory disability can affect how a person gathers information from the world around them.

Types of sensory disabilities

• Blindness and low vision

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Hearing loss and deafness
• Sensory processing disorder
Overcoming Communication Barriers (Methods of Securing Effective Communication) in
modern Organization

Effective communication is the minimum requirement to have good human relation in organization. Effective
communication means understanding the complete meaning of message by the receiver what the sender
intended to deliver.

 Culture of open communication

 Reducing physical barriers
 Use of information technology
 Improving climate of trust
 Employee participation
 Employee counseling
 The ombudsperson
 Getting the message across
 What is 
a Cognitive-Communication Disorder?
Cognitive-communication disorders are problems with communication that have an underlying cause in
a cognitive deficit rather than a primary language or speech deficit.
A cognitive-communication disorder results from impaired functioning of one or more cognitive processes,
including the following:
 Attention (selective concentration)
 Memory (recall of facts, procedures, and past & future events)
 Perception (interpretation of sensory information)
 Insight & judgment (understanding one’s own limitations & what they mean)
 Organization (arranging ideas in a useful order)
 Orientation (knowing where, when, & who you are, as well as why you’re there)
 Language (words for communication)
 Processing speed (quick thinking & understanding)
 Problem-solving (finding solutions to obstacles)
 Reasoning (logically thinking through situations)
 Executive functioning (making a plan, acting it out, evaluating success, & adjusting)
 Metacognition (thinking about how you think)
Overcoming Communication Barriers

• Use of Simple Language:.

• Active Listening.
• Emotional State:

• Flexibility in meeting the targets

• Simple Organizational Structure:

• Avoid Information Overload:

• Give Constructive Feedback.

• Proper Media Selection
Thank You
Chapter 1 and 2
 Assignment 1
• How do you define communication?
• What is the role of communication in management of business?
• What are the different purposes of communication? Briefly explain any five of
them.
• Discuss the different situations when the communication exists.
• “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and emotions by two or
more persons.” Explain the statement and discuss the role of feedback in
communication.
• “Communication is the two way process.” Explain.
• Discuss the elements of communication process
• Give three examples of brain drain in communication process.