Asexual

Reproduction
Name :- Siddhesh Taraate
STD :- 10th Venus
Sub :- Biology
 Reproduction :-
Reproduction is the biological process by which
new individual organisms – "offspring" – are
produced from their "parent" or parents.
Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all
known life; each individual organism exists as the
result of reproduction.
There are two forms of reproduction:
• Sexual
• Asexual
 Asexual reproduction :-

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does

not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number
of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual
reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular
organisms inherit the full set of genes of their single
parent.
 Difference between unicellular and multicellular
organisms in Asexual reproduction :-

Unicellular Multicellular

1. In unicellular organisms, reproduction 1. In multicellular organisms, specialised

occurs by the division of the entire cell. reproductive organs are present.

2. Some modes are :- 2. Some modes are :-

• Fission • Vegetative propagation
• Budding etc. • Spore formation etc.
Types of Asexual reproduction

• Budding
• Fission
• Fragmentation
• Regeneration
• Vegetative propagation
• Spore Formation .
 Budding :-
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in
which a new organism develops from an
outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one
particular site. The small bulb-like projection
coming out from the cell is known as a bud.

Examples of organisms which reproduce by

“Budding”:-

• Hydra
• Yeast
• Corals etc.
 Fission :-
A type of cell division in which overall (i.e., not localised) cell growth is
followed by septum formation which typically divides the fully
grown cell into two similar or identical cells.

There are two types of Fission :-

• Binary fission :- asexual reproduction by separation of the body

into two new bodies. In the process of binary fission, an organism
duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then
divides into two parts), with each new organism receiving one copy of
DNA.
Examples :- Amoeba, Bacteria, Euglena, etc.

• Multiple Fission :- Multiple fission is the reproductive cycle in

which several individuals are formed or created out of the parent cell.
The nucleus repeatedly divides in this method to create a huge
number of nuclei. Every nucleus absorbs a little amount of cytoplasm
and forms a membrane around each structure. 
Examples :- Plasmodium, Sporozoans, Algae, etc.
 Regeneration :-
Regeneration is a specialized form of
asexual reproduction. Through regeneration some
organisms (e.g., the Lizard and the salamander)
can replace an injured or lost part. ... Each spore is
then released and is able to grow into an entire new
organism without ever being fertilized.

Examples of organisms which perform

“Regeneration”:-
• Salamander
• Planaria
• Lizard etc.
Fragmentation :-
Fragmentation in multicellular organisms is a
form of asexual reproduction , where an
organism is split into fragments. Each of these
fragments develop into mature, fully grown
individuals that are clones of the original
organism.

Examples of organisms which reproduce by

“Fragmentation” :-

• Spirogyra
• Cyanobacteria
• Annelid worms
Spore Formation :-
Spore Formation is a method in Asexual
Reproduction. Many Spores are stored in
sacs called Sporangia. When Sporangia
burst; minute single-celled, thin or thick
walled structures called spores are
obtained. Under suitable conditions, they
develop into a new Plant.

Examples of organisms which reproduce

through “Spore Formation” :-
• Rhizopus
• Ferns
• Mucor etc.
 Vegetative Propagation :-
Vegetative reproduction is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in
which a new plant grows from a fragment or cutting of the parent plant or a
specialized reproductive structure. Many plants naturally reproduce this way, but
it can also be induced artificially.
There are two types of Vegetative
Propagation :-

• Natural

Leaf , Root, Stem, Buds

• Artificial

Layering, Grafting, Cutting , Tissue Culture

 Natural Vegetative propagation :-
Natural vegetative propagation refers to the natural
development of a new plant without human
intervention. The most significant feature of plants
that undergo natural vegetative propagation is their
ability to develop adventitious roots from parts other
than roots such as leaves and the stem. A new plant
may arise from the extensions of the stems, root , bud
or leaves of the parent plant.
There are four types :-
• Roots :- New plants emerge out of swollen, modified
roots known as tubers. Buds are formed at the base of the
stem.
• Leaves :-Leaves of a few plants get detached from the
parent plant and develop into a new plant.
• Stems :- New plants arise from the nodes of the stem.
This is where buds are formed, which grow into new
plants.
• Buds :- Natural vegetative propagation by bud occurs when
an axillary bud grows into a lateral shoot and develops its
own roots .
 Artificial Vegetative propagation :-
Artificial vegetative propagation refers to the artificial development of new
plants by means of human intervention. It is used in farming and
horticulture to produce crops with desired characters.

• Grafting :- Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique

whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth
together. 

• Layering :- Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a

portion of an above-ground stem grows roots while still attached
to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant.

• Cutting :- cutting is a process in which a piece of plant is

cut to be used for vegetative propagation. ... If the
conditions are suitable, the plant piece will begin
to grow as a new plant independent of the parent.

• Tissue culture:- Tissue culture involves the use of small

pieces of plant tissue (explant) which are cultured in a
nutrient medium under sterile conditions. Using the
appropriate growing conditions for each explant type, a
new independent plant is formed .
Why is Artificial Vegetative propagation
practiced :-
Vegetative propagation is practiced for growing some types of
plants because of following advantages:

1. It helps to introduce plants in new areas where seed germination

fails to produce mature plants due to changes in environmental
factors and the soil.

2. It is a more rapid, easier, and cheaper method.

3. Produces identical quality as the parent.

Thank you