PRIMARY CATEGORIES OF

ORGANISATIONS THAT GUIDE WIRELESS

INDUSTRY
REGULATION
• FEDERAL COMMUNICATION COMMISSION (FCC)
• EUROPEAN TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARD INSTITUTE
(ETSI)
STANDARDIZATION
•INSTITUTEOF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERS(IEEE)
COMPATABILITY ,TESTING & CERTIFICATION
•Wi-Fi ALLIANCE
THE FCC sets the boundary within which the IEEE may develop
standards. The Wi-Fi alliance test equipment to certify it has been
reasonable interoperable
FCC, IEEE, Wi-Fi Alliance provides regulation ,standardization and
compatibility service for WLAN technologies.
FCC PROVIDES TWO TYPES OF LICENSES-FREE
BANDS FOR RADIO COMMUNICATION

 Industrial , Scientific and Medical band (ISM)

 Unlicensed National Information infrastructure (UNII)

There are 11 ISM band in various frequencies

spectrum and IEEE802.11 uses the one starting at
2.4GHz which is the frequency band most familiar with
WLAN user.
Four UNII bands exist in the 5GHz range and are all
used by UNII 802.11.
IEEE STANDARDS
 IEEE 802.11 (1997)
 IEEE 802.11b (1999)
 IEEE 802.11g (2003)
 IEEE 802.11a (1999)
 IEEE 802.11i (2003)
 IEEE 802.11n (2008)
IEEE 802.11 (1997)
 FIRST FOR OPERATION OF WLAN.
 DSSS AND FHSS SYSTEM.

 IEEE 802.11 DEVICES OPERATE IN THE 2.4GHz

ISM BAND.
 IT HAS MAXIMUM RANGE OF 300FT(OUTDOOR
RANGE) AND 150FT (INDOOR RANGE).
 USES 40 BIT WEP ENCRIPTION.
IEEE 802.11B
 USES DSSS WITH CCK (COMPLEMENTARY
KEY CODE).
 IT HAS BACKWARD COMPATABILITY
WITH IEEE802.11
 IT HAS A DATA OF 1,2,5.5,11 Mbps.

 OPERATES IN 2.4GHz ISM BAND.

 IT HAS MAXIMUM RANGE OF 300FT

(OUTDOOR) AND 150FT (INDOOR).
 IT USES 40 AND 104 BIT ENCRYPTION
IEEE 802.11G
 IT USES OFDM MODULATION TECHNOLOGY WHEN
DATA IS ABOVE 20Mbps AND USES DSSS WHEN DSSS
WHEN DATA RATE IS BELOW 20Mbps.
 IT HAS MAXIMUM DATA RATE OF 54Mpbs AND
OPERATION IN THE 2.4GHz ISM BAND.
 IT HAS BACKWARD COMPATABILITY WITH 1EEE
802.11b.
 IT HAS MAXIMUM RANGE OF 150
FT(INDOOR),OUTDOOR IS NOT SPECIFIED.
 IT HAS 40 AND 104 BIT WEP AND WPA ENCRYPTION.
IEEE 802.11A (1999)
 IT USES OFDM TECHNOLOGY.
 IT HAS A DATA RATE OF 6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54Mbps.

 IT OPERATES IN THE 5GHz UNII BAND.

 IT IS NOT BACKWARD COMPATIBLE.

 IT HAS MAXIMUM RANGE OF 225 FT (OUTDOOR)

AND 150FT (INDOOR)
IEEE 802.11I
 IT IS A NEW SECURITY SPECIFICATION FOR
WLAN PRODUCTS WHICH PROVIDES ON
IMPROVED ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM USING
ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES)
ALSO REFERRED TO AS WPA2.
 ALL PRODUCTS THAT ARE CERTIFIED FOR WPA2
ARE BASED ON 1EEE802.11i.
IEEE802.11N
 THIS USES A MIMO(multiple input-multiple output)
TECHNOLOGY .IT HAS A GREATER RANGE THAN
IEEE802.11g RADIOCARD AND A GREATER
THROUHPUT ABOVE 100Mbps
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGY
A wireless signal is considered spread
spectrum when its bandwidth is wider than what
is required to carry the signal. Spread spectrum
technology is used in multiple ways which can
be organized within four primary categories:
1. WLAN

2. WPAN

3. WMAN

4. WWAN
RADIO FREQUENCIES
They are high frequencies alternating current signals
that are passed along a copper conductor and then
radiated into the air via an antenna.
Wireless communication must utilize one of two
primary media; sound waves or Electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves can be defined as a fluctuation
of energy consisting of electric and magnetic field.
RF CHARACTERISTICS
 Wavelength: it is the distance between two adjacent
identical points on a wave.
 frequency: it is the number of wave cycles that occurs in
a window of a time. it is measured in Hz.
 Amplitude : it is the maximum displacement of a
continuous wave
 Phase :It is not a characteristic of a single RF wave but
instead a comparison between two RF waves that share
the same frequency
RF BEHAVIOUR
 GAIN: it is an increase in RF signal amplitude. There are two basic
types of gain;(i)passive (ii)Active
 LOSS/ATTENUATION: It is the decrease in RF signal amplitude,
loss could be natural or intentional.
 REFLECTION: It is the change in direction of an RF signal as it
bounces off a smooth , non absorptive surface.
 REFRACTION: it is the change in speed and bending of RF signal
as it passes through a medium with different density, thus causing a
change in direction of the wave.
 DIFFRACTION : It is the bending and spreading of RF signal
around an object.
 SCATTERING: It refers to multiple reflection when RF signal
strikes an uneven surface (rough surface).
 ABSORPTION:It is the conversion of an RF signal energy into heat
 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) : Its is the measurement of
mismatched impedance in an RF system.
VSWR = MAX VOLTAGE
MIN VOLTAGE
 RETURN LOSS: It is the energy reflected back to the RF generator or
transmitter as a result of VSWR > 10:1
 INSERTION LOSS : It is the los incurred by simply inserting an object
( cables, connectors etc) into the path of RF signal between the source and
intentional radiator.
 FREE SPACE PATHLOSS: It is the weakening of an Rf signal due to th e
broadening of the wave front.
 MULTIPLE AND DELAY SPREAD: Multiple occurs when multiple path
of the signal (multiple signal from the same source) arrive at the receiving
antenna at the antenna or within a small fraction of a second While DELAY
SPREAD refers to the time between the first and second signal arriving at
the receiver in a multipath occurrence.
RF SIGNAL AND ANTENNA CONCEPT
 An antenna is a radiating element in an Rf system ,it is a
device that actually causes RF waves to be propagated through
space. Different antenna has different coverage capability and
different characteristics.
TYPES OF ANTENNAS
There are three major types of antenna systems in use
today:
 Omni direction/dipole Antenna: this refers to antenna
with a 360* horizontal propagation patterns, they are
designed to provide general coverage in all direction.
 Semi-directional Antenna: there are antennas that focus
most of their energy in a particular direction, having
beam width (BW) formed into a coned shape.