Mobile and Pervasive

Computing
The Mobile Commerce
Landscape

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 Mobile Computing
 Mobile Computing Devices
 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
A handheld computer principally used for
personal information management
 Smartphone
Internet-enabled cell phones that can
support mobile applications
 Blackberry
A handheld device principally used for e-
mail

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 Mobile Computing
 Mobile Computing Software
 Microbrowser
Wireless Web browser designed to operate with
small screens and limited bandwidth and
memory requirements

 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

A suite of network protocols designed to enable
different kinds of wireless devices to access
WAP-readable files on an Internet-connected
Web server
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 Mobile Computing Languages
 Wireless Markup Language (WML)
 A scripting language used to create content in the WAP
environment; based on XML, minus unnecessary content to
increase speed
 Compact Hypertext Markup Language (cHTML)
 A scripting language used to create content in i-mode
 Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (xHTML)
 A general scripting language; compatible with HTML; set
by W3 Consortium
 Voice XML (VXML)
 An extension of XML designed to accommodate voice
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 WAP
 Fixed Internet protocol:
 IP –Internet Protocol: controls movement of individual
pieces of information (packets) by means of routers
 TCP –Transmission Control Protocol: controls movement of
messages consisting of multiple packets
 TCP/IP –complete set of protocols used by the Internet
 Problems with using TCP/IP on wireless internet:
 Not developed for wireless links or mobile devices
 IP: router assumes next network node is same area of
network; with mobile network this may not be the case
 TCP: deals with lost packets by requesting that lost packet
be resent; with wireless networks connections are lost
regularly and packets need to be resent often, thus
congesting the system
 Solution: Wireless Access
Mobile CommerceProtocol
2009 (WAP) 6
Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP)
 WAP is the leading global open standard for
delivery Information over wireless networks
 WAP provides a uniform technologies
platform with consistent formats for
delivering Internet and Intranet based
Information and services to digital mobile
phones and other wireless devices such as
pagers, smart phones and communicators

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 What WAP Can Do?
 Wireless access to Internet content
 Wireless access to Corporate IT Systems and
Extranets
 Wireless access to personal information
 Individuals will be able to buy theatre tickets,
book restaurants or place bets from anywhere,
charged to a telephone account (MC services)
 The main news items of the day can be
delivered to mobile users on the hour (Pull)

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WAP Architecture

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WAP Wireless Transaction Model

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 WAP Security Problem
 WAP gateway is weak link in security
 WAP gateway provides interface between WAP
protocol stack and regular internet protocol stack
 WAP uses WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security) for
security over wireless links
 Wired internet uses SSL (Secure Socket Layer) for security
 WTLS and SSL are incompatible
 Requires that wireless communication be decoded
from WTLS and then encoded by SSL for
communication to web server at WAP gateway
 Creates potential security problem at WAP gateway
 Solution: WAP 2
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 WAP 2
 Supports an alternative protocol stack that uses SSL,
not WTSL
 Message is encoded using SSL from mobile client to
web server with not decoding/encoding required in
between
 WAP gateway not needed (in theory)
 Provides end-to-end security
 Only works with faster wireless services (2.5G, 3G)
that use a type of IP designed for mobile devices called
Mobile IP
 Use eXtensibleHTML (XHTML)

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 Mobile Messaging Services
 Short Message Service (SMS)
 A service that supports the sending and
receiving of short text messages on mobile
phones
 Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS)
 An extension of SMS that can send simple
animation, tiny pictures, sounds, and formatted
text
 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
 MMS is able to deliver rich media

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 Wireless Communications
Technology
Three main categories:
 WWAN - Technology that supports wireless
telecommunications or wireless wide area
networks
 WLAN - Technology that supports wireless
local area networks
 WPAN - Technology that supports wireless
personal area networks

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Wireless Communications
Technology

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 WPAN
 Personal Area Networks
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
A wireless telecommunications network for device-to-
device connections within a small range
 Bluetooth
 A set of telecommunications standards that enables
wireless devices to communicate with each other over
short distances
 Developed by Ericsson for short range communication
 Maximum speed: 721 Kbps
 Maximum range: 30 meters

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 WLAN
 Wireless Local Area Networks
 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
A telecommunications network that enables
users to make medium-range wireless
connections to the Internet or another network
 Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
The common name used to describe the IEEE
802.11 standard used on most WLANs

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 WLAN
 Wireless Local Area Networks
 802.11b
The most popular Wi-Fi standard; it is inexpensive
and offers sufficient speed for most devices;
however, interference can be a problem
 802.11a
This Wi-Fi standard is faster than 802.11b but has a
smaller range
 802.11g
This fast but expensive Wi-Fi standard is mostly
used in businesses
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 WLAN

 Wireless Local Area Networks

 Wireless Access Point (AP)
An antenna that connects a mobile device to a
wired LAN
 Hotspot
An area or point where a wireless laptop or PDA
can make a connection to a wireless local area
network

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 WLAN: IEEE 802.11b, g (Wi-

Fi)
Designed originally for notebook and desktop computer
wireless communication
 Maximum speed:
 802.11b: 11 Mbps
 802.11g: 54 Mbps
 Maximum range: 500 meters
 Can be extended with special antennas
 Has become very popular in creating wireless "hot spots" where
wireless users can connect within a small radius
 Most laptop computers come with built-in Wi-Ficapability
 Used for
 Commercial WLANs (e.g., Starbucks)
 Public neighborhood area networks (NANs)

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How Wi-Fi Works

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 WMAN

 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks

(WMAN)
A telecommunications network that enables
users to make long-range wireless connections
to the Internet or another network
 WiMax
A wireless standard (IEEE 802.16) for making
broadband network connections over a large
area

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 WMAN: 802.16e (WiMax)
 Proposed wireless technology for distances
within a metropolitan area (i.e., within a city)
 Could be used for a metropolitan area
network (MAN)
 Maximum range: 5-15 km (50 km with
reduced data rate)
 Maximum speed: 75 Mbps
 Not widely available so far
 Limited to telecommunications companies in
France
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 Wireless Telecommunications
Networks

 Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)

A telecommunications network that offers
wireless coverage over a large geographical
area, typically over a cellular phone network

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Wireless Networks

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 Wireless Telecommunications
Networks
 Wireless Wide Area Networks
 Physical Topology of a WWAN
subscriber identification module (SIM)
card
An extractable storage card used for
identification, customer location
information, transaction processing, secure
communications, and the like

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Cellular Telephone Network

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 Wireless Networks
 WWAN Communication Bandwidths
 1G - The first generation of wireless
technology, which was analog based
 2G - The second generation of digital wireless
technology; accommodates voice and text
 2.5G - An interim wireless technology that can
accommodate voice, text, and, limited graphics
 3G - The third generation of digital wireless
technology; supports rich media such as video
 4G - The expected next generation of wireless
technology that will provide faster display of
multimedia
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 WWAN Network Systems –
Mobile Phone Technology
 Many mobile phone technologies
 Not compatible
 Vary in speed
 First generation (1G) mobile phone technology -analog:
 AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
 Second generation (2G) mobile phone technologies -
digital:
 FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (old fashioned)
 TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (US)
 CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access (US, Japan, China)
 GSM: Global System for Mobile (US, Europe)

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 TDMA vs CDMA
 TDMA is slower than CDMA
 TDMA: 9.6 kbps
 CDMA: 64 kbps
 CDMA is more complex than TDMA
 Requires code allocation, careful synchronization
 CDMA is more secure than TDMA
 Different codes are used by different users

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 GSM
 There are variations of TDMA in the world
 GSM uses a sophisticated variation of TDMA
in which users get very short time slots: 0.577
microseconds

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 Circuit switching vs. packet
switching
 Circuit switching–
 User is assigned one circuit during the entire connect time
 Requires long set up time (15-30 seconds)
 Inefficient use of bandwidth because communications
channel must be maintained for entire session duration
 1G and 2G systems use circuit switching
 Packet switching
 User sends voice/data in small groups called packets
 User does not have circuit assigned during entire session
duration
 Circuit is only used when a packet is sent
 More efficient use of bandwidth than circuit switching
 2.5G and 3G systems use packet switching

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 WWAN - Mobile Phone
Technology
 Two-and-a-half generation (2.5G) mobile phone
technology:
 HSCSD: High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
 GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
 EDGE: Enhanced Data GSM Environment
 Third generation (3G) mobile phone technology:
 WCDMA or UMTS: Wideband CDMA or Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System
 CDMA2000
 Fourth generation (4G) mobile phone technology: –?

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 2.5G
 GPRS
 Uses TDMA like GSM but channels can be
allocated more than one time slot
 Maximum speed: 100 kbps theoretically but 40
kbps in reality
 Does not require hardware upgrade from GSM:
relatively inexpensive upgrade
 EDGE
 Uses TDMA like GSM/GPRS but uses a technique
that sends more data per time slot
 Maximum speed: 384 kbps
 Requires minor upgrades from GPRS system:
relatively inexpensive
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 3G
 WCDMA/UMTS (WidebandCDMA/Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System)
 Uses CDMA
 European standard
 Maximum speed: 2 mbps in theory, 400 kbps in reality
 Requires new spectrum (license must be purchased)
 Requires new equipment
 CDMA
 Uses CDMA
 US standard
 Maximum speed: 114 kbps to 2 mbps

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LBS and Pervasive Computing
 Location-Based Service (LBS)
 Location-Based Service (LBS)
Delivery of m-commerce transactions to individuals
in a specific location, at a specific time
 The services provided through location-based
m-commerce focus on five key areas:
 Location
 Navigation
 Tracking
 Mapping
 Timing
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Location-Based Service (LBS)
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 A worldwide satellite-based tracking system
that enables users to determine their position
anywhere on the earth

 Geographical Information System (GIS)

 An information system that integrates GPS data
onto digitized map displays

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Location-Based Service (LBS)
 Emergency Response Cell Phone Calls
 Wireless 911 (e-911)
In the United States, emergency response calls
from cellular phones
 Automatic Crash Notification (ACN)
Device that automatically sends the police the
location of a vehicle that has been involved in a
crash

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Location-Based Service (LBS)
 Telematics
 The integration of computers and wireless
communications to improve information flow
using the principles of telemetry
 Barriers to Location-Based M-Commerce
 Accuracy of devices
 The cost-benefit justification
 Limited network bandwidth
 Invasion of privacy

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 Pervasive Computing
 Overview of Pervasive Computing
 Invisible, everywhere computing that is
embedded in the objects around us
 Principles of Pervasive Computing
• Decentralization
• Diversification
• Connectivity
• Simplicity

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 Pervasive Computing
 Overview of Pervasive Computing
 Contextual Computing
The enhancement of a user’s interactions
by understanding the user, the context, and
the applications and information required

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 Pervasive Computing
 Pervasive Computing Initiatives
 Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID)
Technology that uses radio waves to identify
items
 Electronic Product Code (EPC)
An RFID code that identifies the manufacturer,
producer, version, and serial number of
individual consumer products

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 Pervasive Computing
 Pervasive Computing Initiatives
 Smart Homes
• Lighting
• Energy management
• Water control
• Home security and communications
• Home entertainment
 Smart Appliances
 Smart Cars
 Smart Clothes

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 Pervasive Computing
 Pervasive Computing Initiatives
 Sensor network
A series of interconnected sensors that monitor
the environment in which they are placed

 Sensor networks can:

• Protect the environment
• Public safety
• Monitor business and agricultural areas

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 Essay Homework
 Find a recent research paper or case study in
Journals about “Pervasive Computing”
(Sciencedirect or Scopus)
1. Abstract – the section with title, author,
journal name, and abstract
2. Description – the main findings and
contribution of the article (paper/case study)
3. Conclusion – your comment about the
article and suggested further research

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