M4 CHEMISTRY

S1Q2: Quantities and Equations

Global Context: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Development Systems Models
Evidence

Statement of Enquiry:
Various acid/ base models represent relationships between a transfer of
particles.
 Chemical Formulae
1 Formation of Ions
Type 1: Common Elements Type 2: Transition Metals Type 3: Polyatomic Ions
1+ 2+ 3+ 3- 2- 1- Name Cation Name Ion
Copper (II) Cu2+ carbonate CO32-
Iron (III) Fe3+ sulfate SO42-
Lead (II) Pb2+ nitrate NO3-
Silver Ag+ hydroxide OH-
Zinc Zn2+ ammonium NH4+
Eg. Sodium ion = Na+
Oxide ion = O2-

2 The Criss-Cross Method

Example 1:Magnesium Oxide Example 2:Aluminium Sulfate
X m+ Y n-
Mg2+ O2- Al3+ SO42-

Mg2 O2 Mg O Al2 (SO4)3

X n Ym equal ratio can be Bracket to indicate
simplified entire sulfate group x 3
 Writing Equations

1 Reactants & Products

A + B  C + D
reactants products

2 Chemical Formulae
a) Elements : Metals – always monoatomic
b) Elements : Non-metals – always diatomic (except C & Si)
c) Compounds: Ionic compound – criss-cross method
d) Compounds: Covalent compound

3 Balanced Equation
A balanced chemical equation is a chemical equation whereby the numbers of
atoms of all elements are the same before and after reaction.

N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
 Mole concept Avogadro’s Constant: 1 mol = 6 x 1023 particles

One mole is the amount of substance which contains the same number of particles
as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12.

Solid n = mass in grams Liquid

Mr relative molecular mass

Examples: Examples:
Mr of sodium (Na) = 23 Mr of water (H2O) = 18
1 mol of Na = 23 g 1 mol of H2O = 18 g
Room T & P
(25oC, 1 atm)
1 mol
Gas Molar Concentration Aqueous
(mol/dm3)
At r.t.p:
Volume Volume
n = n = n = M x V Volume (dm3)
24 dm3 24 000 cm3
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
1 dm = 1000 cm
3 3

Examples: Examples:
1 mol of argon (Ag) occupies 24 dm3 at r.t.p. 1 mol of sulfuric acid is present in 1
1 mol of steam (H2O) occupies 24 dm3 at r.t.p. dm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 solution.

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 Stoichiometry

1 Chemical Calculations
Eg. 2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g)  2 NaCl

Na Cl2 NaCl
No.of mol 2 1 2
mass volume mass
Qty measured 2 x 23g 2(23+35.5)
24 dm3
= 46 g = 117 g

2 moles of Na reacts completely with 1 mol of Cl2 to form

2 moles of NaCl.
46 g of Na reacts completely with 24 dm3 of Cl2 to form
117 g of NaCl.

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 2 Step by step calculations

400 g 4 200 g 6
Flour eggs sugar cupcakes

800 g 8 400 g 12
Flour eggs sugar cupcakes

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 2 Step by step calculations

400 g 4 200 g 6
Flour eggs sugar cupcakes

600 g 6 300 g 9
Flour eggs sugar cupcakes

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 2 Step by step calculations
Eg. 2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g)  2 NaCl
1.15 g of sodium reacts completely with chlorine gas to form sodium
chloride.
a) Find number of moles (choose suitable formula)
𝟏 .𝟏𝟓
𝑵𝒐 . 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂= =𝟎 .𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟐𝟑
b) Use equation to compare two substances (use ratio and
proportion)
𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂 :𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒍 𝟐 𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂:𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂 :𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒍𝟐𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂:𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
c) Find desired quantity (choose suitable formula)
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒍 𝟐=𝒏×𝟐𝟒 𝒅𝒎𝟑 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂=𝒏× 𝑴 𝒓

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 3 Excess vs Limiting
In realistic chemical reactions, we very rarely make accurate calculations for
every reactants.
Two possible problems usually arise:
a) Chemical reactions may not be 100 % complete (conditions not optimum,
unstable products etc)
b) Reactants may be impure

Hence, we usually prepare one reactant with a fixed quantity, and continue
adding another reactant until no more can react.

Limiting reactant is the reactant that finishes first.

Excess is the reactant that does not finish react.

The amount of products formed is dependent on the limiting reactant.

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 3 Excess vs Limiting
Males Females Couples

excess excess

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 EMPIRICAL VS MOLECULAR
FORMULA
Molecular Formula: Shows the actual numbers of the atoms of elements
that combine to form the compound.
Empirical Formula: Shows the simplest ratio of the atoms of elements that
combine to form the compound. (Ionic Compound M.F is the same as E.F)

Method 1: Magnesium Oxide (Reactive metal)

Element Mg O

Mass
36.4 g – 34.0 g 38.0 g – 36.4 g Magnesium
ribbon
Mass 2.4g Mass 1.6g
Moles
Mr 24 Mr 16
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
0.1 0.1
Ratio 1 1
0.1 0.1
Empirical Formula = MgO

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 Procedures
1) Weigh the mass of the crucible with lid, m 1.
Why need to clean?
2) Prepare a piece of magnesium ribbon 5 cm in length. To remove an existing
layer of oxide/impurities
Clean the ribbon thoroughly with sandpaper. Weigh
the mass of the crucible and lid with ribbon, m 2.
3) Heat the magnesium ribbon over strong flame.
Why need to open?
4) Open the lid occasionally. To allow oxygen/fresh air
to enter
5) When there is no further change, stop the heating
Why need the lid?
process. To prevent sputtering

6) Cool down the setup.

7) Weigh the crucible again, m3.

8) Calculate the difference of m2 and m3, mO. Why need to repeat?

To ensure all magnesium
has reacted
9) Repeat steps 1 – 9 until you get a consistent m O.
Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:
Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 Method 2: Copper Oxide (Unreactive metal)

Element Cu O
hydrogen
Mass gas burns
60.71 g – 54.31 g 62.32 g – 60.71 g Dry
6.4g 1.61g
hydrogen
Mass Mass
Moles gas
Mr 64 Mr 16 copper
0.1 mol 0.1 mol oxide
0.1 0.1
Ratio 1 1
0.1 0.1

Empirical Formula = CuO

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 Procedures
1) Weight the mass of the dish, m1.
2) Place some black copper oxide powder into dish. Weigh
the mass of the dish with copper oxide, m 2.
3) Place the dish in a combustion tube.
Why?
4) Pass dry hydrogen gas into the tube for 5 minutes. To flush out air containing
oxygen (may explode)
5) Heat the copper oxide powder strongly until all the
Why?
black powder turned brown. Burn off the excess So that excess hydrogen
does not mix with air
hydrogen.
Why?
6) Cool down the setup, while maintaining the hydrogen So that oxygen cannot
come in and recombine
flow. with copper

7) Weigh the dish again, m3.

Why need to repeat?
To ensure all copper oxide
8) Calculate the difference of m2 and m3, mO. has reacted

9) Repeat stepsStatement
Global Context:
1 – 9 until you get a consistent Key
of Enquiry:
mO.Concept: Related Concept:
Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence
 Yield and purity

Yield: Amount of product you obtain from a reaction

Yield is commonly not 100 % due to the reactants being impure.

mass of product obtained mass of reactant required

% Yield = x 100 % % Purity = x 100 %
mass of product expected mass of reactant used

Example:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

When 100 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 is heated up, 49 g of calcium oxide, CaO is obtained.

Assuming 100 g of CaCO3 fully reacts, Taking 49 g of CaO formed,

No. of mol of CaCO3 reacted = = 1.0 mol No. of mol of CaO formed = = 0.875 mol

No. of mol of CaO expected = 1.0 mol No. of mol of CaCO3 required = 0.875 mol

Mass of CaO expected = 1.0 x [40 + 16] = 56 g Mass of CaCO3 required = 0.875 x [40 + 12+ 3(16)]
% Yield = = 87.5 % = 87.5 g
% Yield = = 87.5 %

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Fairness and Various acid/ base models represent Systems Models
Development relationships between a transfer of Evidence