Interactive Graphics Display Devices

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTEOF ENGINEERING
Bachelor of Engineering (Computer

Science & Engineering)
COMPUTER GRAPHICS(CST-305)
Interactive DISCOVER . LEARN .

EMPOWER
Graphics Display
BY: Charnpreet Kaur
Devices Assistant Prof.(CSE)
University Institute of Engineering(UIE)

Computer Graphics
Course Objectives
CO Title Level
Number
CO1 Discuss about Interactive Graphics Remember

Display Devices
CO2 To Understand different Graphic Understand

Conversion
CO3 To understand the advantages and Understand
disadvantages of Devices
2
Content
• Flat Panel Display
– LCD
– LED
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Flat Panel Display

• A flat-panel display is a thin screen display found on
all portable computers and is the new standard
for desktop computers.
• Unlike (CRT) monitors, flat-panel displays use liquid-
crystal display (LCD) or light-emitting diode
(LED) technology to make them much lighter and
thinner compared to a traditional monitor.
• Less weight ,volume and power requirement as
compared to CRT’S
Basic design of a plasma-panel

display device.
University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Flat Panel Display

Flat Panel Display

• Emissive Display:
The Emissive Display or Emitters are the devices that
convert electrical energy into light energy.Examples:
Plasma Panel, LED (Light Emitting Diode), Flat CRT.
• Non-Emissive Display:
Non-Emissive Display or Non-Emitters are the devices
that use optical effects to convert sunlight or some other
source into graphic patterns.Examples: LCD (Liquid
Crystal Display)

Flat Panel Display
• Flat-panel display technologies are sweeping through

markets all over the world
– Digital Signage, Home Theater
– Command and Control, Retail Displays
– Handheld Electronics (Cameras, PDAs, Phones)
• The Contenders
– Plasma Display Panels (PDPs)
– Thin-film Transistor Liquid Crystal Displays (TFT LCDs)
– Organic Light-emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
– Electroluminescent and Emissive Displays

Flat Panel Display

• The term flat–panel displays refers to a class of video
devices that have reduced volume, weight, and power
requirements compared to a CRT. A significant feature of flat-
panel displayed is that they are thinner than CRTs, and we can
hang them on walls or wear them on our wrists.

Advantages of Flat Panel Devices
• Flat Panel Devices like LCD produces high quality digital

images.
• Flat Panel monitor are stylish and have very space saving
design.
• Flat Panel Devices consumes less power and give
maximum image size in minimum space.
• Flat Panel Devices use its full color display capability.
• Full motion video can be viewed on Flat Panel Devices
without artifacts or contrast loss.

From CRT to LCD

• CRT
– Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube
technology.
– Using technology that was
developed in the 19th century.
• LCD
– First LCD laptop monitors were very
small due to manufacturing costs.
– Light, sleek, energy-efficient, have
sharp picture.

LCD
• LCD stands for liquid crystal display. Your digital watch uses an

LCD to show you the time, and most portable computers use
an LCD to display the screen
• There is actually a liquid compound, liquid crystals,
sandwiched between two grids of electrodes.
• The electrodes can selectively turn on the different cells
or pixels in the grid to create the image you see.
• Very Common LCD applications:
• I. Calculators
• II.Watches
• III.Clocks
• IV.Telephones

LCD
• Parts of Liquid Crystal Display:

• LCD Panel is generally sandwiched between “Rear” and “Top”
polarizer’s.
• Polarizer main function is to improve the color and
obviously making it possible to see the screens of LCD’s. So if
we remove polarizer’s from LCD’s then undoubtedly it would
be impossible to identify the letters or graphics and
everything.
• Following Figure shows LCD Panel, its parts

Working of LCD
• The LCD is defined as the diode that uses small cells and
the ionised gases for the production of images.
• The LCD works on the modulating property of
light. The light modulation is the technique of sending
and receiving the signal through the light.
• The liquid crystal consumes a small amount of energy
because they are the reflector and the transmitter of
light. It is normally used for seven segmental display.

Working of LCD
1. Dynamic Scattering
• When the potential carrier flows through the light, the
molecular alignment of the liquid crystal disrupts, and
they produce disturbances.
• The liquid becomes transparent when they are not active.
But when they are active their molecules turbulence
causes scattered of light in all directions, and their cell
appears bright.
• This type of scattering is known as the dynamic
scattering.

Working of LCD

Working of LCD
2. Field Effect Type
• The construction of liquid crystals is similar to that of the
dynamic scattering types the only difference is that in
field effect type LCD the two thin polarising optical fibres
are placed inside the each glass sheet.
• The liquid crystals used in field effect LCDs are of
different scattering types that operated in the dynamic
scattering cell.

Working of LCD
• The field affects type LCD uses the nematic material which
twisted the unenergised light passing through the cell.
• The nematic type material means the liquid crystals in which
the molecules are arranged in parallel but not in a well-
defined plane.
• The light after passing through the nematic material passing
through the optical filters and appears bright.
• When the cell has energised no twisting of light occurs, and
the cell appears dull.

LCD Working

LCD
• liquid Crystal Display module shown in above figure is made up
of “2 layers”. It contains a layer of “LC(Liquid Crystal) Material”.
LC material is one through which Light passes, supplied by the
Back light.
• And White light from the back light place 2nd from the bottom
in figure passes through the LCD panel which generally operates
passage of light to form the Images projected on to the Mail
Front of the LCD panel screen.

Advantages of LCDs
• Power Consumption and Radiation Emission
– Consume less energy and more durable
• A typical CRT losses approximately 50% of its brightness after
10,000 hours. An LCD bulb will maintain its brightness
anywhere from 25,000 to 50,000 hours.
• LCD consumes fewer watts than a CRT. LCD will use an
average 30 watts compared to 120 watts for the CRT.
• Can reduce electric bill by 40-85%.
• Uses a combination of fluorescent-based backlight, color
filters, transistors, and liquid crystal to create and illuminate
images. It blocks light rather emit light

Advantages of LCDs
• Viewing
– Cause less eyestrain
– Does not flicker or glare
– Less power consumption

Disadvantages of LCDs
• Resolution
• Displays Native Resolutions (Resolution that it
displays best)
• Viewing Angle
• Smaller, needed to be viewed more directly from
the front.
• From the side the images on an LCD screen can
seem to disappear, or invert colors.
• Newer displays that are coming out have a wider
viewing angle so this is not as much of an issue as it
has been in the past.

• Price
– Upfront cost it is more costly but long-term cost but
will conserve energy in the long run.
– The energy savings may not be much for an individual
use, but for a corporate office where 50 displays or
more are in use, the energy savings might be more of
an issue.

• Installation
– Need a plug interface to connect to the computer.
– Some require a special digital plug-interface in order
to work .
– Problem: is that this plug is not available on most
computers, so another video card or adapter must be
purchased to plug these LCD monitors into the
computer.

• Response Time
– It is much slower. The delay can cause a ghosting
effect on images it displays.

LED
• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are the most widely
used semiconductor diodes among all the different types
of semiconductor diodes available today.
• Light emitting diodes emit either visible light or
invisible infrared light when forward biased.
• The LEDs which emit invisible infrared light are used for
remote controls.

LED
• A light Emitting Diode (LED) is an optical semiconductor
device that emits light when voltage is applied.
• In other words, LED is an optical semiconductor device that
converts electrical energy into light energy.
• When Light Emitting Diode (LED) is forward biased, free
electrons in the conduction band recombines with the hole in
the valence band and releases energy in the form of light.
• The process of emitting light in response to the strong electric
field or flow of electric current is called electroluminescence.

Layers of LED
• A Light Emitting Diode (LED) consists of three layers: p-type
semiconductor, n-type semiconductor and depletion layer.
• The p-type semiconductor and the n-type semiconductor are
separated by a depletion region or depletion layer.
P-type semiconductor
• When trivalent impurities are added to the intrinsic or pure
semiconductor, a p-type semiconductor is formed.
N-type semiconductor
• When pentavalent impurities are added to the intrinsic
semiconductor, an n-type semiconductor is formed.

How LED Works

• Light Emitting Diode (LED) works only in forward bias condition.
• When Light Emitting Diode (LED) is forward biased, the free
electrons from n-side and the holes from p-side are pushed
towards the junction.
• When free electrons reach the junction or depletion region, some
of the free electrons recombine with the holes in the positive
ions.
• We know that positive ions have less number of electrons than
protons. Therefore, they are ready to accept electrons. Thus, free
electrons recombine with holes in the depletion region.
• In the similar way, holes from p-side recombine with electrons in
the depletion region.

How LED works

OLED
• The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is referred to as
the organic LED, which is similar to a regular LED, except the
fact that it is made up of semiconductor material which is
organic.
• This organic material is placed between the two
electrodes, and it emits light when a flow of current is made
to pass through the entire volume.
• This active material is comparatively thinner than a regular
LED. The users can expect various new and unique display
technologies that use OLED for these retail applications.

Plasma Display Panel (PDP)
• Unlike LCD flat panel displays, plasma displays contain a

gaseous substance sandwiched between two panels of glass
that are activated by electric currents to produce a visual
display.
• Plasma displays have the ability to reproduce truer, "darker"
blacks or hues and usually provide a wider viewing angle.
• One hindrance of some plasma displays is the ability for
images to become permanently "burned" into the viewing
area.
• They are generally heavier and thicker than LCD due to the
use of glass, and typically use more electricity than LCDs.

• Difference Between LED & LCD

• Working Of OLED
• How PDA Devices works?

Computer Graphics
Course Outcome
CO Title Level
Number
CO1 Interactive Graphics Display Devices Remember
CO2 Discussed different Graphic Conversion Understand

CO3 Discussed the advantages and Understand
disadvantages of Devices
34
REFERENCES
1. Hearn, D., Baker M. P. ,”Computer Graphics”, Pearson

education.
2. Newman, William M., Sproull, Robert F., “Principles of
Interactive Computer Graphics”, Tata McGraw Hill
Company, 2nd Edition.
3. Nptel
Link https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/106/106106090
/

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UNIVERSITY INSTITUTEOF ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer

Interactive DISCOVER . LEARN .

University Institute of Engineering(UIE)

CO1 Discuss about Interactive Graphics Remember

CO2 To Understand different Graphic Understand

Flat Panel Display

Basic design of a plasma-panel

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Flat Panel Display

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Flat Panel Display

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Flat Panel Display

• Flat-panel display technologies are sweeping through

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Flat Panel Display

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Advantages of Flat Panel Devices

• Flat Panel Devices like LCD produces high quality digital

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

From CRT to LCD

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• LCD stands for liquid crystal display. Your digital watch uses an

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• Parts of Liquid Crystal Display:

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

How LED Works

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

How LED works

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

Plasma Display Panel (PDP)

• Unlike LCD flat panel displays, plasma displays contain a

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

• Difference Between LED & LCD

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

CO1 Interactive Graphics Display Devices Remember

CO2 Discussed different Graphic Conversion Understand

1. Hearn, D., Baker M. P. ,”Computer Graphics”, Pearson

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

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