News Report

• Style
Informative, in a condensed way
No more than 5 words in the headline
Use numbers (beyond ten, one, two, three … ten, but 11, 12, 13…)
Present Simple Tense (in headline)
No figurative languages
subheading
• Structure
Start with what happened most recently
Basic information (who, what, when, where)
Background
Interview (witness, someone affected by the event)
What is currently happening
Recent past – past (or further past) – present – future
Most important available information for the reader
Figures of Speech
Figurative Languages
Literary Criticism
1. metaphor -as if 2 things were one(The camel is the ship of the
desert.)
2. Simile –a comparison in 2 things by “like, as, so” (O my love’s like a
red, red rose)
3. metonymy -a change of name (The kettle is boiling.)
4. personification - human characteristics are given to inanimate
objects or ideas (Smiles awake you when you rise.)
5. hyperbole - exaggerated (I have been waiting for you for ages.)
6. antithesis - opposite words in the same sentence(Not the I loved
Ceasar less, but I loved Rome more.)
7. alliteration - brings together words begin with the same consonant
(The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew the furrow followed free."
8. assonance - repetition of stressed vowel sounds (Patience always
pays.)
9. onomatopoeia - sounds of the words (roar, bang, bump, scream,
moan, murmur)
• Rail (n) the railway system
• Shimmer (n) shine with a soft light that looks as if it shakes slightly
• Wail (adj) loud
• Hoarse (adj) low, rough voice
• Loom (v) appear unclear shape
• Smash (v) break
• Hound (n) big dog
• Stretch (n) sth bigger or looser by pulling it
• Cab (n) part of a bus, train or truck in which driver sits
• Peer (v) look very carefully b/c you are having difficulty seeing it
• Silhouette (v) dark shape and outline against a brighter background
• Swirl (n) move around quickly
• Sink- sank – sunk (v) go down below the surface of water/ mud
Role of Adverbs
• Used in lazy way
• Weak verb (with adverb) – stronger & more precise verb (adverb
unnecessary)
• Better not used (if already in the same passage)
• Telling/ not showing
• e.g. He threw the ball violently. (telling)
           He hurled the ball. (showing)
• e.g. She left the room quickly.
          She fled the room.
Archimedes
(Mathematician)
Galileo (Astronomer)
Catapult
Boulders 
Quay 
• Invade (v) attack
• Besiege (v) attack
• Beam (n) line
• Leap-leapt-leapt (v) jump
• Archeology – archeologist (n) study about ancient societies, buildings,
graves, tools
• Astronomy – astronomer (n) scientific study of stars and planets
• History – historian (n)
• Science – scientist (n)
• Antiquity (n) ancient time
• Fleet (n) group of ships
• Optics (n) the way we see
• Civilisation (n) society 
• Attribute (v) regard
• Fame (v) – famous (adj)
• Catapult (n) large weapon used in former times to throw heavy stones
• Hurl (v) throw angrily
• Boulders (n) rocks
• Grapple (v) hold tightly
• Trivial (adj) not serious
• Dreaded (adj) feel afraid or anxious
• Quay (n) port
• Incinerate (v) burn completely
Present Perfect Tense & Past Simple
Present Perfect Tense
• About the situation now
• New or recent happenings
• Give new information
• Experience (no exact time)
• e.g. Tom has lost his key.  • e.g. Tom lost his key.
• e.g. I've repaired the washing machine.
It's working okay now.
• e.g. It has stopped raining now, so we
don't need the umbrella. (It isn't
raining now.)
• e.g. I have been to Japan.
Past Simple
• Happened in the past
• Not recent or now
• If we continue to talk about it
• Talk about a finished time
• e.g. Mozart was a composer. He wrote
more than 600 pieces of music.
• e.g. It stopped raining for a while, but
now it's raining again.
• e.g. I did a lot of work yesterday.
Present Perfect Tense & Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense
• Recent action
• No time specified or implied
• Not yet completed
• (yet/ just/ since)
• e.g. The house is dirty. They
haven't cleaned it for weeks.
• e.g. Have you seen Anna this
morning?
Past Perfect Tense
• Actions which happened further back
in the past than the past simple
• Order in which events happened
in the past
• e.g. The house was dirty. They hadn't
cleaned it for weeks.
• e.g. A: Was Tom there when you
arrived?
     B: No, he'd already left.
Greek myth: The Gift of Fire
• Myth (n) story that many people believe
• Legend (n) old well-known story about brave people, adventures or
magical events
• Revolt (n) rebellion
• Forbid – forbade – forbidden (v) not allowed
• Smuggle (v) take something illegally
• Ritual (n) ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in
order to mark an important religious or social occasion
Cherokee myth: The First Fire
• Cheroke (n) a member of this tribe/ Native American
• Hollow (n) empty space
• Sycamore (n) European tree
• Raven (n) black crow
• Scorch (v) burn
• Blast (n) explosion
• Venture (v) risk
Prometheus
(Greek God of Fire)
Oylmpus old gods
Zeus

• King of the Gods

 Iapetus
(Greek God of Mortality
& Father of Prometheus)
Athena
(Greek Goddess of Wisdom & War)
(Daughter of Zeus)
Cherokee
Sycamore
Tree
Raven
Screech Owl
Racer Snake
Water Spider