INTERNET ARCHITECTURE

IFTAKHAR HUSSAIN
2019-GU-0724
INTERNET ARCHITECTURE

The Internet's architecture is described in

its name, a short from of the compound
word "inter-networking". This architecture
is based in the very specification of the
standard TCP/IP protocol, designed to
connect any two networks which may be
very different in internal hardware,
software, and technical design.
LAYERS OF INTERNET ARCHITECTURE

• Application Layer
• Transfer Control Protocol (TCP)
• Internet Protocol (IP)
APPLICATION LAYER

Third layer in internet architecture is

the application layer which has
different protocols on which the
internet services are built. Some of
the examples of internet services
include email (SMTP facilitates email
feature), file transfer (FTP facilitates
file transfer feature), etc.
TRANSFER CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP)

TCP stands for "Transmission Control

Protocol". It provides end to end
transmission of data, i.e., from source
to destination. It is a very complex
protocol as it supports recovery of
lost packets.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)

In order to communicate, we need our

data to be encapsulated as Internet
Protocol (IP) packets. These IP packets
travel across number of hosts in a
network through routing to reach the
destination. However, IP does not support
error detection and error recovery, and is
incapable of detecting loss of packets.
 DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
•Domain Name System helps to resolve the host
name to an address. It uses a hierarchical naming
scheme and distributed database of IP addresses
and associated names.
•When DNS was not into existence, one had to
download a Host file containing host names and
their corresponding IP address. But with increase
in number of hosts of internet, the size of host file
also increased. This resulted in increased traffic
on downloading this file. To solve this problem
the DNS system was introduced.
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM WORKING
•The process of DNS resolution involves converting a
hostname (such as www.example.com) into a computer-
friendly IP address (such as 192.168.1.1). An IP address
is given to each device on the Internet, and that address
is necessary to find the appropriate Internet device - like
a street address is used to find a particular home. When
a user wants to load a webpage, a translation must occur
between what a user types into their web browser
(example.com) and the machine-friendly address
necessary to locate the example.com webpage.
 DNS HIERARCHY EXAMPLE
•The Internet maintains two principal
namespaces: the domain name hierarchy and the
IP address system. The Domain Name System
maintains the domain namespace and provides
translation services between these two
namespaces. Internet name servers implement
the Domain Name System. The top hierarchy of
the Domain Name System is served by the root
name servers maintained by delegation by the
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)