BASICS OF IMAGE

PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION

“One picture is worth more than ten thousand words”

Anonymous
FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL
IMAGES x

Origin

y
Image “After snow storm” f(x,y)

w An image: a multidimensional function of spatial coordinates.

w Spatial coordinate: (x,y) for 2D case such as photograph,
(x,y,z) for 3D case such as CT scan images
(x,y,t) for movies
w The function f may represent intensity (for monochrome images)
or color (for color images) or other associated values.
IMAGE TYPES : BINARY IMAGE
Binary image or black and white image
Each pixel contains one bit :
1 represent white
0 represents black

Binary data
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
 
1 1 1 1
 
1 1 1 1
DIGITAL IMAGE TYPES : INTENSITY
IMAGE
Intensity image or monochrome image
each pixel corresponds to light intensity
normally represented in gray scale (gray
level).

Gray scale values

10 10 16 28
 9 6 26 37
 
15 25 13 22
 
32 15 87 39
DIGITAL IMAGE TYPES : RGB IMAGE
Color image or RGB image:
each pixel contains a vector
representing red, green and
blue components.

RGB components
10 10 16 28
 9 656 70 26
56  43
3756  78
 32 99 70
54 96  67 
15  256013 902296   67
  21  54 47  42 
32 15 87 39
  85 85 43  92
54  65 65 39 
32 65 87 99
STEPS IN IMAGE PROCESSING
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
IMAGE AQUISITION
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
IMAGE RESTORATION
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
SEGMENTATION
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
OBJECT RECOGNITION
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTION
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
IMAGE COMPRESSION
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING:
COLOUR IMAGE PROCESSING
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
IMAGE SENSING & ACQUISITION

Single sensor

Line sensor

Array sensor
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
• Histogram Processing
• Arithmetic Operations
• Smoothing
• Sharpening
IMAGE RESTORATION(NOISE
REMOVAL)
• Mean filters
• Median filters Spatial Domain
• Adaptive filters
• Bandpass filters
• Bandreject filters Frequency Domain
• Notch filters
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING
• Dilation
• Erosion
SEGMENTATION
• Global Thresholding
• Local Thresholding
• Adaptive Thresholding
OBJECT RECOGNITION
• Optimum Matching
• String Matching
REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTION
• Texture
• Signatures
• Skeletons
IMAGE COMPRESSION
• Lossy Compression
• Lossless Compression
COLOUR IMAGE PROCESSING
• Colour Models
• Smoothing
• Sharpening