CH 29-Fundamentals of Welding

ME 330
Manufacturing Processes
FUNDAMENTALS OF WELDING
Welding
Process in which two (or more) parts are coalesced at

their contacting surfaces by application of:
 Heat
 Pressure
 Heat and pressure
Some welding processes use a filler material is added
to facilitate coalescence
The assemblage of parts that are joined by welding is
called a weldment
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Why Welding is Important
 Provides a permanent joint
 Welded components become a single entity
 One of the most economical ways to join parts in
terms of material usage and fabrication costs
 Mechanical fastening usually requires additional
hardware (e.g., screws) and geometric alterations
of the assembled parts (e.g., holes)
 Not restricted to a factory environment
 Welding can be accomplished "in the field"
Limitations and Drawbacks of Welding
 Most welding operations are performed manually and
are expensive in terms of labor cost
 Most welding processes utilize high energy and are
inherently dangerous
 Welded joints do not allow for convenient
disassembly
 Welded joints can have quality defects that are
difficult to detect
Two Categories of Welding Processes
 Fusion welding - coalescence is accomplished by
melting the two parts to be joined, in some cases
adding filler metal to the joint
 Examples: arc welding, oxyfuel gas welding,
resistance spot welding
 If no filler metal is added, it is called an autogenous
weld
 Solid state welding - heat and/or pressure are used to
achieve coalescence, but no melting of base metals
occurs and no filler metal is added
 Examples: forge welding, diffusion welding, friction
welding
Types of Fusion Welding
(1) Arc Welding (AW)
It is a group of welding processes in which

coalescence of the metals is achieved by the heat
from an electric arc between an electrode and the
work
 Electric energy from the arc produces temperatures ~
10,000 F (5500 C), hot enough to melt any metal
 Most AW processes add filler metal to increase
volume and strength of weld joint
 A pool of molten metal is formed near electrode tip,
and as electrode is moved along joint, molten weld
pool solidifies in its wake
(2) Resistance Welding (RW)
Resistance welding achieves coalescence using

heat from electrical resistance to the flow of a current
passing between the faying surfaces of two parts
held together under pressure
(3) Oxyfuel gas welding (OFW)
These joining processes use an oxyfuel gas, such as

a mixture of oxygen and acetylene, to produce a hot
flame for melting the base metal and filler metal, if
one is used.
(4)Electron beam welding
(5)Laser beam welding
Types of Solid State Welding
(1) Diffusion welding (DFW)

In DFW, two surfaces are held together under
pressure at an elevated temperature and the parts
coalesce by solid-state fusion
(2) Friction welding (FRW)

Coalescence is achieved by the heat of friction
between two surfaces
(3) Ultrasonic welding (USW)
In USW, moderate pressure is applied between the
two parts and an oscillating motion at ultrasonic
frequencies is used in a direction parallel to the
contacting surfaces.
The combination of normal and vibratory forces

results in shear stresses that remove surface films
and achieve atomic bonding of surfaces.
Welding as a Commercial
Operation
The principal applications of welding are:
(1) Construction such as buildings & bridges

(2) Piping, pressure vessels, boilers & storage tanks
(3) Shipbuilding
(4) Aircraft & Aerospace
(5) Automotive & Railroad
 A welder is a person who manually controls the path
or placement of the weld to join individual parts into
a larger unit.
 A fitter is a person who arrange the individual
components for the welder prior to making the weld.
 A welding fixture is a device for clamping and
holding the components in fixed position for
welding.
 A welding positioner is a device that holds the parts
and also moves the assemblage to the desired
position for welding.
The Safety Issue
Welding is inherently dangerous to human workers
due to following reasons:
 The high temperatures of the molten metals in

welding are an obvious danger.
 In many welding processes electrical power is the

source of thermal energy to melt the part surfaces,
so there is a hazard of electrical shock to the
worker.
 In gas welding, the fuels (e.g., acetylene) are a fire
hazard.
 Sparks, spatters of molten metal, smoke and fumes

add to the risks associated with welding operations.
Ventilation facilities must be used to exhaust the
dangerous fumes.
 Welders wear a special helmet that includes a dark

viewing window which filters out the dangerous
radiations (like UV) but it is so dark that it renders
the welder virtually blind except when the arc is
struck.
Automation in Welding
The categories include machine welding, automatic welding and
robotic welding.
 Machine welding
It can be defined as mechanized welding with equipment that
performs the operation under the continuous supervision of an
operator.
It is normally accomplished by a welding head that is moved by

mechanical means relative to a stationary work, or by moving
the work relative to a stationary working head.
 Automatic welding
If the equipment is capable of performing the operation without

adjustment of the controls by a human operator, it is called
Automatic welding.
A human worker is usually present to oversee the process and

detect variations from normal conditions.
Automatic welding requires a welding fixture and/or
positioner to position the work relative to the working head.
It requires a higher degree of consistency and accuracy in

the component parts used in the wledment.
Automatic welding is justified only for large quantity

productions.
 Robotic welding
In this type, an industrial robot or programmable manipulator is
used to automatically control the movement of the welding head
relative to the work.
A typical robotic arc-welding cell consists of two welding fixtures

and a human fitter to load and unload parts while the robot
welds.
It is used for low production quantities.
The Weld Joint
Welding produces a solid connection between two

pieces, called a weld joint.
A weld joint is the junction of the edges or surfaces

of parts that have been joined by welding.
Types of Joints
There are five basic types of joints for bringing two

parts together for joining.
a) Butt joint: In this joint type, the parts lie in the same
plane and are joined at their edges.
b) Corner joint: The parts in a corner joint form a right
angle and are joined at the corner of the angle.
c) Lap joint: This joint type consists of two overlapping
parts.
d) Tee joint: In the tee joint, one part is perpendicular
to the other in the approximate shape of the letter
‘T’.
e) Edge joint: The parts is an edge joint are parallel

with at least one of their edges in common, and the
joint is made at the common edge (s).
Types of Welds
The differences among various weld types are in
geometry (joint type) and the welding process.
a) Fillet weld: It is used to fill in the edges of plates

created by corner, lap and tee joints.
Filler metal is used to provide a cross section

approximately the shape of a right triangle.
Fillet welds can be single or double and can be

continuous or intermittent.
b) Groove welds: These welds usually require that the
edges of the parts be shaped into a groove to
facilitate weld penetration.
The grooved shapes include square, bevel, V, U and

J, in single or double sides.
Filler metal is used to fill in the joint, usually by arc

or oxyfuel welding.
c) Plug welds & Slot welds: These welds are used for
attaching flat plates, using one or more holes or slots
in the top part and then filling with filler metal to fuse
the twp parts together
d) Spot weld & Seem weld: These welds are used for
lap joints. A spot weld is a small fused section
between the surfaces of two sheets or plates.
Multiple spot welds are typically required to join the

parts. It is most closely associated with resistance
welding.
A seem weld is similar to a spot weld except it

consists of a more or less continuously fused section
between the two sheets or plates.
e) Flange weld: A flange weld is made on the edges of
two (or more) parts, usually sheet metal or thin plate,
at least one of the parts being flanged.
f) Surfacing weld: A surface weld is not used to join

parts, but rather to deposit filler metal onto the
surface of a base part in one or more weld beads.
The weld beads can be made in a series of

overlapping parallel passes, thereby covering large
areas of the base part.
Power Density
Power density can be defined as the power entering

the surface divided by the corresponding surface
area:
PD = P/A
where PD = Power density, W/mm2

P= Power entering the surface
A= Surface area over which the energy is
entering
If power density is too low, the heat is conducted into
the work as rapidly as it is added at the surface, and
melting never occurs.
If power density is too high, the localized

temperatures vaporize the metal in the affected
region.
Thus, there is practical range of values for power

density within which welding can be performed.

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ME 330

Process in which two (or more) parts are coalesced at

(1) Arc Welding (AW)

It is a group of welding processes in which

Resistance welding achieves coalescence using

These joining processes use an oxyfuel gas, such as

(4)Electron beam welding

(5)Laser beam welding

(1) Diffusion welding (DFW)

(2) Friction welding (FRW)

The combination of normal and vibratory forces

(1) Construction such as buildings & bridges

 The high temperatures of the molten metals in

 In many welding processes electrical power is the

 Sparks, spatters of molten metal, smoke and fumes

 Welders wear a special helmet that includes a dark

It is normally accomplished by a welding head that is moved by

If the equipment is capable of performing the operation without

A human worker is usually present to oversee the process and

It requires a higher degree of consistency and accuracy in

Automatic welding is justified only for large quantity

A typical robotic arc-welding cell consists of two welding fixtures

It is used for low production quantities.

Welding produces a solid connection between two

A weld joint is the junction of the edges or surfaces

There are five basic types of joints for bringing two

e) Edge joint: The parts is an edge joint are parallel

a) Fillet weld: It is used to fill in the edges of plates

Filler metal is used to provide a cross section

Fillet welds can be single or double and can be

The grooved shapes include square, bevel, V, U and

Filler metal is used to fill in the joint, usually by arc

Multiple spot welds are typically required to join the

A seem weld is similar to a spot weld except it

f) Surfacing weld: A surface weld is not used to join

The weld beads can be made in a series of

Power density can be defined as the power entering

where PD = Power density, W/mm2

If power density is too high, the localized

Thus, there is practical range of values for power

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