THE

NERVOUS
SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
• Describe the parts of the
nervous system and its function
• Describe the diseases of the
nervous system
• State several ways to keep the
nervous system healthy
How does the Nervous
System works?
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- the nervous system and endocrine
system work together to control
and coordinate the workings of the
components of the body.
- it is like a communication network
that transmits information by
electrical signals called nerve cells
or neurons.
 What is Neurons?
- Basic cell of the nervous
system
- It carries nerve impulses or
action potential from one part
of the body to another
Parts of Neuron:
1. Cell body
2. Dendrites
3. Axon (nerve fibers)
Parts of Neuron
Cell body – controls the growth of
the nerve cell
Dendrites – short-branched fibers
that carry messages toward the cell
body
Axon – typically long, thin fibers that
carries messages away from the cell
body
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Is divided into 2 subdivisions
• Central Nervous System/CNS
• Peripheral Nervous System/PNS
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM / CNS
• Consists of the brain and the
spinal cord
• It is where the interneurons
receive and pass on
messages
1. THE BRAIN
- It is a moist and spongy organ with
an average of 3 pounds in weight
- It consists of 10 billion neurons
that control everything a person
does, such as thoughts,
movements, memory and sense
- It is divided into three main parts:
Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem
BRAIN STEM
- located below the cerebellum at the
base of the skull
the body’s life support system
Controls the:
• Heartbeat
• Breathing
• Blood Pressure
CEREBELLUM
- located beneath the back part of the
cerebrum
Controls the:
• muscle movement and produces
signals that stimulates reactions in
other parts of the nervous system
CEREBRUM
- the large upper region of the brain
- consists of deep folds which are
divided into many ridges just like
the surface of walnut
Controls the:
• Memory, thinking, reasoning, senses
Other Parts of the Brain
Corpus callosum – a broad band of nerve
fibers joining the two hemispheres of the
brain
Hippocampus – a small organ located within
the brain’s medial temporal lobe, which is
associated mainly with long-term memory
Medulla – controls breathing, heart rate, and
swallowing
Other Parts of the Brain
Midbrain – also linked to vision and controls
the movement of the eye and constriction
and dilation of the pupil
Pituitary gland – a pea-sized structure
located at the base of the brain, it produces
critical hormones that control various body
functions
Pons – regulates breathing and helps
control eye movement
Other Parts of the Brain

Thalamus – one of the smaller parts of the

brain, which serves as the relay station for
senses. It is responsible in processing the
information from the sense organs
2. THE SPINAL CORD
- A rod of brain tissue that extends
about two-thirds of the way down
the back, just below the ribs

- It is covered with three meninges

and cerebrospinal fluid
- It is protected by a spinal column,
which allows the trunk to bend
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM /
PNS
• It is made up of cranial and
spinal nerves
• The cranial nerves contain
mostly sensory nerve fibers
It is divided into two:
• Somatic Nervous System/SNS
• Autonomic Nervous System/ANS
1. SOMATIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM/ SNS
- it is responsible for actions that a
person can control such as
skeletal muscles and sensory
neurons of the skin.
- this is under conscious voluntary
control
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM/ SNS
- it controls autonomic functions that do
not require a person to think.
- it is important in maintaining
homeostasis, just like the endocrine
system
It is divided into two subdivision:
• Sympathetic Nervous System – prepares the body for action
and stress
• Parasympathetic Nervous System – helps the body to
conserve energy
Common diseases of the
Nervous System
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. MENINGITIS
- it is an inflammation of the meninges of
the brain or spinal cord caused by
bacterial infection or a virus

Symptoms:
• Stiff and painful neck, fever, headache, vomiting,
seizures, trouble breathing
Treatment: Antibiotics
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. CEREBRAL PALSY
- a disorder resulting in a lack of full
control of physical movement and
muscle tightness
Symptoms:
• Seizures, intellectual disability, slight limp and difficulty in
walking
Treatment: Surgery
 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
3. PARKINSON’S DISEASE
- a disorder that affects the movement
of a person. It develops gradually
and tremors start in the hands

Symptoms: Tremors, slow movement, impaired posture and balance, penmanship changes,
speech changes, emotional changes and depression, difficulty swallowing, sleep disorder, bp
changes, inability to smell, and constipation.

Treatment: Cannot be cured, but symptoms can be improved through surgery

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
4. BRAIN TUMOR
- an adult brain tumor is called
meningeal tumor. It is formed in the
meningitis that cover the brain and
the spinal cord
Symptoms:
• Trouble walking and change of mental status
Treatment: Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
5. EPILEPSY
- a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve
cells or neurons act abnormally. The action
potential activity becomes disturbed causing
strange sensations and emotions

Symptoms:
• Loss of muscle tone, jerking movements, brief loss of consciousness, muscle stiffness

Treatment: Epileptic seizures are controlled through drug therapy and anticonvulsant drug
 What are the things that
you need to do in order to
keep your nervous system
healthy?
Keeping the Nervous
System Healthy
• Ensure adequate intake of healthy fats
• Exercise the nervous system on a daily basis by
stretching the arms and reading in order for the
motor and sensory pathways to be used
• Spend a minimum of 15 minutes per day writing
on paper as legibly as you can
• Engage yourself in social activities to keep your
brain active
WRAP UP…
Coverage of the exam
• Sources of Light and Its propagation
• Properties of Light
• Formation of Images
• Optical Devices
• Direct Current Motor and Electric Generator