2.ECE-Elements of Cellular Mobile Radio System Design

Topic for the class: General description of the problem
Unit: II Title : Elements of Cellular Mobile Radio System Design

Date: 19-01-2021 Time: 9:00AM
Mr. Durga Prasad Tumula

Assistant Professor
Department of EECE
GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045
Email: dtumula@gitam.edu
Course Objectives
 To provide an overview of Cellular Mobile Radio systems and its applications
in communication engineering.
 To understand the various terminology, principles, devices, schemes, concepts,
algorithms and different methodologies used in Cellular Communication.
 Understand the basics of elements of cellular radio system.
 Understand how radio signals can be used to carry digital information with
and
with out interference.
 Understand the concept cell site and mobile antennas.
 Have an understanding of the basic principles behind radio resource
management techniques such as power control, channel allocation, call drops
and handoffs.
19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications
Course Outcomes
After completion of this unit, the student will be able to
Identify the impairments of mobile radio channels.
List the advantages of cellular systems.
Enumerate the different generations and evolution of analog and digital cellular systems.
Explain the concept of frequency reuse and calculate the amount of co-channel interference in
a given cellular environment.
Describe the methods for co-channel interference reduction.
Analyze and model the signal propagation of mobile radio signals in different terrains and man
made structures.
Explain the radiation pattern and characteristics of different antennas used with mobile
terminals and base station antennas.
Design the minimum separation for cell site antennas for cochannel interference reduction.
Describe the different types of call handoff mechanisms.
Explain the different mechanisms for bandwidth efficient and interference-less use of
frequencies and channels.
Cellular Communications
Cellular Elements Cell Cell Site Frequency

Mobile of coverage and Management
Radio Cellular for Mobile and Channel
Systems Radio Signal Antennas Assignment
System and
Design Traffic

General description of the problem
Based on the concept of efficient spectrum utilization the elements are
 Concept of frequency reuse channels
 Cochannel Interference reduction factor
 Desired Carrier-to-Interference ratio
 Handoff mechanism
 Cell Splitting

General description of the problem contd…
Limitation in the system- frequency resource
Challenge- To serve more customers with a specified system quality.
 How many customers can we serve in a busy hour?
 How many subscribers can we take into our system?
 How many channels do we need?

Maximum number of calls per hour per cell:
To calculate predicted number of calls per hour per cell:

-Size of the cell
-Traffic conditions in the cell
Maximum number of frequency channels per cell:

-Average calling time in the system
Users calling habits:

-Charging rate of the system
-Income profile of the user
Maximum calls per hour in one cell be 3000 & average calling time
1.76min. The blocking probability is 2percent. Find offered load ?
Solution:
The offered load is given by ?
_________________________________________________________
N 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Blocking probability , the maximum number of channels ?

Maximum calls per hour in one cell be 3000 & average calling time
1.76min. The blocking probability is 2percent. Find offered load ?
Solution:
The offered load is given by
_________________________________________________________
N 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
Blocking probability , the maximum number of channels

Let calls per cell per hour, T=1.76min and blocking probability is
2percent. Find offered load ?
Solution:

Let calls per cell per hour, T=1.76min and blocking probability is
2percent. Find offered load ?
Solution:

If there are 50 channels in a cell to handle all the calls and the average is
100 s per call, how many calls can be handled per hour with
Solution:
________________________________________________________
N 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
The offered load is erlangs

Number of calls per hour in a cell,

If there are 50 channels in a cell to handle all the calls and the average is
100 s per call, how many calls can be handled per hour with
Solution:
________________________________________________________
N 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
The offered load is erlangs

Number of calls per hour in a cell,

If the maximum number of calls per hour per cell is 1451 and there is a
seven cell reuse pattern in the system and the total number of required
channels for 7 reuse system is
Solution:
radios

Concept of frequency reuse channels
 Frequency reuse is the core concept of cellular mobile radio system.
 Users in different geographical locations (different cells) can use the

same frequency channel simultaneously.
 Frequency reuse system increases the spectrum efficiency.

Concept of frequency reuse channels contd…
 If the system is not properly designed, interference may occur.
 Cochannel interference- Interference due to common use of same

channel.(major concern in frequency reuse concept)

Frequency reuse Schemes:
 Time domain:-Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)-Occupancy of the
same frequency in different time slots.
 Frequency domain:-Same frequency assigned in two different

geographical areas.(AM or FM radio stations using
the same frequency in different cities)
-Same frequency repeatedly used in same area in

one system. Many cochannel cell in the system.
Total frequency spectrum allocated is divided into
19/02/2022 frequency reuse patterns.
Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications
Frequency reuse distance:-Minimum distance which allows the same
frequency can be reused.
 Reuse distance depends on

-Number of cochannel cells in the vicinity of center cell.
-Type of geographic terrain contour.
-Antenna height
-Transmitted power at each cell site.
 Frequency reuse distance, , is frequency reuse pattern

Frequency reuse distance contd…
 Frequency reuse distance, , is frequency reuse pattern
 If all the cell sites transmit the same power, then increases & frequency
reuse distance increases which reduces the chance of cochannel
interference.

 When is too large, the number of channels assigned to each of K cells
becomes small because the total number of allocated channels is fixed.
 To obtain the smallest number K, while maintaining system

performance requirements
-Estimating cochannel interference
-Selecting minimum frequency reuse distance(to reduce
cochannel interference)
 The smallest value of is 3, by setting

(i and j determine the relative location of cochannel cells)
 The smallest value of is 3, by setting
(i and j determine the relative location of cochannel cells)

Number of customers in the system:
 System design:
-Traffic conditions in the area during a busy hour determine:
-Size of different cells
-Number of channels
-Maximum number of calls per hour per cell-traffic conditions at cell
After maximum number of frequency channels per cell is implemented

in each cell, take maximum number of calls per hour in each cell &
sum them over all cells. Assume 60percent ( utilization in a busy hour &
one call per car phone. Number of customers,
Number of customers in the system contd…
During a busy hour, the number of calls per hour for each of 10 cells is
2000, 1500, 3000, 500, 1000, 1200, 1800, 2500, 2800, 900. Assume that 60
percent of the car phones will be used during this period (= 0.6) and that
one call is made per car phone find the number of customers ?
Solution:
calls per hour
Number of customers,

During a busy hour, the number of calls per hour for each of 10 cells is
2000, 1500, 3000, 500, 1000, 1200, 1800, 2500, 2800, 900. Assume that 60
percent of the car phones will be used during this period (= 0.6) and that
one call is made per car phone find the number of customers ?
Solution:
calls per hour
Number of customers,

Number of subscribers per cell is related to number of calls per hour per
cell and percentage of car phones used in busy hours .
where is a function of Blocking probability B, average calling time T and

number of channels N.

Cochannel Interference reduction factor
Reusing an identical frequency channel in different cells is limited by
cochannel interference between cells.
Find the minimum frequency reuse distance in order to reduce cochannel

interference.
The cell size is determined by the coverage area of the signal strength in
each cell.
If the cell size is fixed, cochannel interference is independent of the

transmitted power of each cell. (Received threshold level at the mobile is
adjusted
19/02/2022
to size of the cell) Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications
Cochannel Interference reduction factor contd…
Cochannel Interference reduction factor,
When the ratio increases, cochannel

interference decreases.
Frequency reuse distance,

where is the number of cochannel
interfering cells in first tier & C/I is the
received carrier-to-interference ratio.

In a fully equipped hexagonal shaped

cellular system, ( there are six cochannel
interfering cells in the first tier.
Cochannel interference is experienced

both at cell site and at mobile units in the
center cell.

In mobile radio environment, the
propagation path loss slope varies as
where is propagation path loss slope
6 cochannel interfering cells in the second

tier cause weaker interference than first tier.

Desired C/I from a normal case in an Omnidirectional antenna
system
Case I:- Signal & cochannel interference received by the mobile unit.
Case II:- Signal & cochannel interference received by the cell site.

Desired C/I from a normal case in an Omnidirectional antenna system contd…
Balanced system: The received carrier-to-interference ratios at both

the mobile unit and the cell site are the same, the system is called
balanced. system.
19/02/2022
Interference receivedDepartment
at cellof EECE
site and at mobile unitEEC442: Cellular Communications
Assume that all are the same for simplicity, then
C/I is based on the required system performance

is based on the terrain environment
With given values of and , can be determined.

Normal cellular practice is to specify based on subjective tests.

(mobile radio multipath fading & cochannel interference are ineffective)
The 90th percentile of the total covered area would be achieved by

increasing the transmitted power at each cell; increasing the same amount
of transmitted power in each cell does not affect .

C/I with first and second tiers
First tier,
First & Second tiers,

C/I with first and second tiers contd…
First tier, (Simulated)
First & Second tiers,
So the interference contribution by the cells

in the second tier is negligible.

Handoff Mechanism
Handoff:
-Hard (brake before make)
(for FDMA & TDMA systems)
-Soft (make before brake)

(for CDMA systems)

Cell Splitting
Spectrum efficiency can be improved by:
-Frequency reuse scheme
-Cell splitting
When traffic density increases and the frequency

channels in each cell cannot provide enough mobile
calls, the original cell can be split into smaller cells.

Cell Splitting contd…
If each new cell carry the same maximum traffic

load of the old cell

Techniques of cell splitting:
-Permanent splitting
 Installation of every new split cell is to be planned ahead of time.
 Number of channels, transmitted power, assigned frequencies, cell site

location and traffic load are to be considered.
 When everything is ready, the actual service cut-over should be set at

the lowest traffic point, usually at midnight on a weekend.
 A few calls will be dropped because of this cut-over, assuming that the
downtime of the system is withinDepartment
19/02/2022
2 hours.of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications
Techniques of cell splitting contd…
-Dynamic splitting
 This scheme is based on using the allocated spectrum efficiency in real
time.
 The algorithm for dynamically splitting cell sites is a tedious job, as we

cannot afford to have one single cell unused during cell splitting at
heavy traffic hours.

Consideration of the components of cellular systems
Components of a cellular system: (effect the system design, if not chosen the right one)
-Mobile radios
-Antennas
-Cell site
-Base station controller &
-MTSO

Consideration of the components of cellular systems contd…
Components of a cellular system: (effect the system design, if not chosen the right one)

Antennas:
Antenna pattern, antenna gain, antenna tilting and antenna height affect
the cellular system design.
The antenna pattern can be omnidirectional, directional, or any shape in

both the vertical and the horizon planes.
Antenna gain compensates for the transmitted power.
Different antenna patterns and antenna gains at the cell site and at the
mobile units would affect the system performance and so must be
considered
19/02/2022
in the system design. Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications
Antennas contd…
The antenna patterns seen in cellular systems are different from the
patterns seen in free space.
If the front-to-back ratio of a directional antenna is found to be 20 dB in

free space, it will be only 10 dB at the cell site.
Antenna tilting can reduce the interference to the neighboring cells and
enhance the weak spots in the cell.
The height of the cell-site antenna can affect the area and shape of the
coverage in the system.
Switching equipment:
The capacity of switching equipment in cellular systems is based on
capacity of the processor associated with the switches.(not on the number of
switch ports)
In a big cellular system, processor should be large.
It is important to consider when the switching equipment would reach the

maximum capacity.
The service life of the switching equipment depends on how long it takes
to reach its full capacity. (not by the life cycle of the equipment)
Switching equipment contd…
If the switching equipment is designed in modules, or as distributed
switches, more modules can be added to increase the capacity of the
equipment.
For decentralized systems, digital switches may be more suitable.
The future trend seems to be the utilization of system handoff. This means
that switching equipment can link to other switching equipment so that a
call can be carried from one system to another system without the call
being dropped.
Data Links
Each data link can carry multiple channel data (10 kbps data transmitted
per channel) from the cell site to the MTSO.
This fast-speed data transmission cannot be passed through a regular

telephone line. Therefore, data bank devices are needed.
They can be multiplexed, many-data channels passing through a

wideband T-carrier wire line or going through a microwave radio link
where the frequency is much higher than 850 MHz.
Leasing T1-carrier wire lines through telephone companies can be costly.

Although the use of microwaves may be a long-term money saver, the
availability of the microwave link has to be considered.
Textbook(s):
1. William C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, 2/e, Tata McGraw Hill,
2006.
References:
2. Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao, Mobile Cellular Communication,1/e, Pearson Education,
India, 2013.
3. 2. Gordon L. Stuber, Principles of Mobile Communications, 2/e, Springer
International, 2007.
4. 3. Theodore. S. Rapport, Wireless Communications, 2/e, Pearson Education, 2002.
5. 4. Jon W. Mark, Weihua Zhqung, Wireless Communication and Networking, 1/e,
Prentice Hall of India, 2005. .

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Topic for the class: General description of the problem

Unit: II Title : Elements of Cellular Mobile Radio System Design

Mr. Durga Prasad Tumula

Cellular Elements Cell Cell Site Frequency

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

 Cochannel Interference reduction factor

 Desired Carrier-to-Interference ratio

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

Challenge- To serve more customers with a specified system quality.

 How many customers can we serve in a busy hour?

 How many subscribers can we take into our system?

 How many channels do we need?

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

To calculate predicted number of calls per hour per cell:

Maximum number of frequency channels per cell:

Users calling habits:

Blocking probability , the maximum number of channels ?

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

Blocking probability , the maximum number of channels

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

The offered load is erlangs

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

The offered load is erlangs

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

 Users in different geographical locations (different cells) can use the

 Frequency reuse system increases the spectrum efficiency.

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

 Cochannel interference- Interference due to common use of same

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

 Frequency domain:-Same frequency assigned in two different

-Same frequency repeatedly used in same area in

 Reuse distance depends on

 Frequency reuse distance, , is frequency reuse pattern

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

 To obtain the smallest number K, while maintaining system

 The smallest value of is 3, by setting

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

-Maximum number of calls per hour per cell-traffic conditions at cell

After maximum number of frequency channels per cell is implemented

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

where is a function of Blocking probability B, average calling time T and

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

Find the minimum frequency reuse distance in order to reduce cochannel

If the cell size is fixed, cochannel interference is independent of the

When the ratio increases, cochannel

Frequency reuse distance,

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

In a fully equipped hexagonal shaped

Cochannel interference is experienced

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

where is propagation path loss slope

6 cochannel interfering cells in the second

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

19/02/2022 Department of EECE EEC442: Cellular Communications

Balanced system: The received carrier-to-interference ratios at both

Assume that all are the same for simplicity, then

C/I is based on the required system performance