PHILIPPINE LINGUISTICS

MINDANAO
A Group Presentation by:
MINDANAO
Mindanao (/mɪndəˈnaʊ/) is
the second-largest island in
the Philippines, after Luzon
and seventh-most populous
island in the world. Located
in the southern region of the
archipelago, the island is
part of an island group of the
same name that also
includes its adjacent islands,
notably the Sulu Archipelago.
Etymology
The name "Mindanao" is a
Spanish corruption of the
name of the Maguindanao
people, the dominant ruling
ethnic group in the
Sultanate of Maguindanao
in southwestern Mindanao
during the Spanish colonial
period.
 Tribes and their
Cultures and Languages
Zamboanga Peninsula
 Zamboanga Peninsula is an administrative region
Zamboanga Peninsula in the Philippines, designated as Region IX. It
consists of three provinces (Zamboanga del
Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay and Zamboanga del
Sur) including four cities (Dapitan, Dipolog,
Isabela, Pagadian), and the highly urbanized
Zamboanga City. The region was previously
known as Western Mindanao before the
enactment of Executive Order No. 36 on
September 19, 2001. The city of Zamboanga was
designated as the regional center until Pagadian
was designated as its new regional center,
although Zamboanga City remains the region's
cultural, economic, and educational center.
Northern Mindanao
Northern Mindanao is an administrative region in
the Philippines, designated as Region X. It
comprises five provinces: Bukidnon, Camiguin,
Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, and Lanao
del Norte, and two cities classified as highly
urbanized, all occupying the north-central part of
Mindanao island, and the island-province of
Camiguin. The regional center is Cagayan de Oro.
Lanao del Norte was transferred to Northern
Mindanao from Region XII (then called Central
Mindanao) by virtue of Executive Order No. 36 in
September 2001.
CARAGA
Caraga is an administrative region of the
Philippines, on the northeastern portion of the
island of Mindanao, designated as Region XIII.
The Caraga Region was created through Republic
Act No. 7901 on February 23, 1995. The region is
composed of five provinces: Agusan del Norte,
Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur
and Dinagat Islands; six cities: Bayugan, Butuan,
Cabadbaran, Surigao, Tandag, Bislig; 67
municipalities and 1,311 barangays. Butuan City is
the regional center.
Davao Region
Formerly known as Southern Mindanao, it is an
administrative region in the Philippines, designated
as Region XI. It is situated at the southeastern
portion of Mindanao and comprises five provinces:
Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur,
Davao Oriental, and Davao Occidental.
The region encloses the Davao Gulf, and its
regional center is Davao City. Dávao is the
Hispanicized pronunciation of daba-daba, the
Bagobo word for "fire".
SOCCSKSARGEN
Soccsksargen, formerly known as Central
Mindanao, is an administrative region of the
Philippines, located in south-central
Mindanao. It is numerically designated as
Region XII. The name is an acronym that
stands for the region's four provinces and
one highly urbanized city.
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
The ARMM was an autonomous region of
the Philippines, located in the Mindanao
island group of the Philippines, that
consisted of five predominantly Muslim
provinces: Basilan (except Isabela City),
Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, and
Tawi-Tawi. It was the only region that had
its own government. The region's de facto
seat of government was Cotabato City,
although this self-governing city was
outside its jurisdiction.
In this lesson, we will be learning:
The Visayan Language:
 History
 Language Family
 Variation
 Geography
In this lesson, we will be learning:
The Cebuano Language
Origin
Sound system
Vowels and Consonants
Stress
Nouns and Pronouns
Verbs
Word order and Vocabulary
In this lesson, we will be learning:

The Maguindao Language

History
Language Family
Geography and Demography
Phonology
In this lesson, we will be learning:

The Chavacano de Zamboanga

History
Language Family
Geography and Demography
Phonology
But first, let us learn about:

A quick review on:

• Definition of Language
• Theories of Language
 We will also discuss:
• How did language came to the Philippines?
• What was the first language spoken in the
Philippines?
• What are the language spoken in the
Philippines?
What is a language?
According from Oxford Languages, language is the
principal method of words used in a structure and
conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing
or gesture. It is also a system of communication
used by a particular country or community
Ex : a study of the way children learn language.
• Origin : Lingua - tongue
• Old French: language - language
 How did languages start?
• The Bow-Wow Theory - According to this theory, language began when our
ancestors started imitating the natural sounds around them. The first speech was
onomatopoeic - marked by echoic words such as moo, meow, splash, cuckoo and bang.
• The Ding-Dong Theory - This theory, favoured by Plato and Pythagoras, maintains
that speech arose in response to the essential qualities of objects in the environment.
The original sounds people made were supposedly with harmony with the world
around them.
 How did languages start?
• The La-La Theory - The Danish linguist Otto Jespersen suggest that language may
have developed from sounds associated with one love, play and (especially) song.
• The Pooh-Pooh Theory - This theory holds that speech began with interjections -
spontaneous cries of pain ("Ouch!"), surprise ("Oh!"), and any other emotions
("Yabba dabbaa do!").
• The Yo-He-Yo Theory - According to this theory, language evolved from the
grunts, groans and shorts evoke by heavy physical labor.
How did language came to the Philippines?
The Philippines is a multilingual state with more than 175 languages originating
and spoken various ethnolinguistic groups. Many of these languages descend
from a common Malayo- Polynesian language due to Austronesian migration
from Taiwan, however there are languages brought by Negritos. The common
Malayo- Polynesian language split into different language and these language
borrowed from other languages such as Hokkien, Sanskrit, Tamil and Arabic.
A Spanish exploratory mission under Ferdinand Magellan arrives in the
Philippines in 1521 and Spanish colonization followed. The period of
Spanish rule borrowed many words into the Tagalog language from
Spanish.
What was the first language spoken in the
Philippines?
The first language spoken in the Philippines is Tagalog. Tagalog is the
language that originated in the Philippine Islands. It is the first language
of most Filipinos and the second language of most others.
What are the languages spoken in the
Philippines?
There are some 120 to 187 languages spoken in the Philippines,
depending on the method of classification. Almost are Malayo-
Polynesian language native to the archipelago. A number of
Spanish influenced creole varieties generally called Chavacano
are also spoken in certain communities. The 1987 constitution
designates Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog, as the
national language and an official language along with English.
Filipino is regulated by Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino and
therefore served as a Lingua Franca used by Filipinos of various
ethnolinguistic background.
Official Filipino, English
National Filipino

Regional Aklanon
Central Bicol
Cebuano
Chavacano
Hiligaynon, Ibanag
Ilocano, Ivatan
Kapampangan
Karay - a
Maguindanao
Maranao
Pangasinense
Sambal
Surigaonon
Tagalog , Tausug
Waray, Yakan

Foreign Tamil, Spanish

Hokkien, Mandarin
Korean , Japanese
What are the languages spoken in Mindanao?
There are some 120 to 187 languages spoken in the Philippines,
depending on the method of classification. Almost are Malayo-
Polynesian language native to the archipelago. A number of
Spanish influenced creole varieties generally called Chavacano
are also spoken in certain communities. The 1987 constitution
designates Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog, as the
national language and an official language along with English.
Filipino is regulated by Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino and
therefore served as a Lingua Franca used by Filipinos of various
ethnolinguistic background.
Discussion Prompt
Is Visayan (Bisayan) a language or a dialect?
The Visayan
Language: History,
Language Family and
Variation, and its
Geographic
The Bisayan languages or the Visayan languages are a subgroup of the
Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines. They are most
closely related to Tagalog and the Bicol languages, all of which are part
of the Central Philippine languages. Most Bisayan languages are spoken
in the whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in
the southern part of the Bicol Region (particularly in Masbate), islands
south of Luzon, such as those that make up Romblon, most of the areas
of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao.
A brief history of the Visayan Language
• The Visayan first encountered Western Civilization when Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan reached the island of Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521.
The Visayas became part of the Spanish colony of the Philippines and the
history of the Visayans became intertwined with the history of the Philippines.
• By the end of the 19th century, the Spanish Empire weakened after a series of
wars with its American territories. The surge of newer ideas from the outside
world thanks to the liberalization of trade by the Bourbon Spain fostered a
relatively larger middle class population called the Ilustrados or "the
Enlightened Ones." This then became an incentive for the new generation of
educated political visionaries to fulfill their dreams of independence from
three centuries of colonial rule.
 Some prominent
leaders of the
Philippine Revolu
tion in the late 19
century were Visa th
yans. Among lead
of the Propagand ers
a movement was
Graciano López J
aena, the Ilonggo
established the pro who
pagandist publica
La Solidaridad (Th tion
e Solidarity). In th
Visayan theater o e
f the Revolution,
Pantaleón Villega
s (better known a
León Kilat) led the s
Cebuano revoluti
in the Battle of Tre on
s de Abril (April 3
One of his succes ).
sors, Arcadio
Maxilom, is a prom
inent general in th
liberalization of C e
ebu.
 Language Family and Variation

Geographic extent of Visayan languages based on

Ethnologic and the National Statistics Office200 Census
of Population and housing.
This is a map outlining
the regions in the
Philippines where the
Visayan languages are
spoken. The regions are
color-coded based upon
language family.
Geography
Cebuano
Specifically, it flourishes in Central Visayas,
western parts of Eastern Visayas and on most
of Mindanao. It originated on the island of
Cebu, and now is spoken primarily by various
Visayan ethnolinguistic groups who are native
to those areas, primarily the Cebuanos. While
Tagalog has the largest number of native
speakers among the languages of the
Philippines today, Cebuano had the largest
native-language-speaking population in the
Philippines from the 1950s until about the
1980s. It is by far the most widely spoken of
the Bisayan languages
 Sound system
The sound system of Cebuano is fairly typical of Malayo-Polynesian
languages.
Vowels
Cebuano has three vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that make a difference
in word meaning. Stressed vowels can be long or short. Vowel length
makes a difference in word meaning, e.g., daapit ‘to invite’ — dapit
‘place’. There are four diphthongs: /aw/, /ay/, /iw/, /uy/.
/a/ Troso (wood)
Abaga (shoulder) Budbod (a sticky rice dessert
Bahaw (left over rice) wrapped in a banana leaf
Punda (pillowcase) that is popularized in the
/e/ Philippines
Babaye (girl) /u/
Libre (free) Ulod (worm)
Konseho (council) Tubo (sugarcane)
/i/
Ilaga (mouse)
Nipis (thin)
Ngisi (smile)
/o/
Hubo (naked)
Consonants
Cebuano has sixteen consonant phonemes, i.e., sounds that make a
difference in word meaning.
• /p/ • /d/ Asukar (sugar)
Pato (duck) Dagway (appearance) • /j/
Papel (paper) Padala (to send) Juan (john)
Usap (to chew) Patad (to bet) • /k/
• /b/ • /s/ Kamot (hand)
Bato (stone) Suba (river) Hagakhak (laughter)
Tubo (sugarcane) Asa (where) Kasing (a toy top
Tusob (save) Ubos (down) • /g/
• /m/ • /n/ Gamit (uses)
Mani (peanuts) Nalisang (Frightened) Uga /dry/
Alamat (myth) Inahan (mother) Kusog /strength/
• /w/ Gingharian (kingdom) • /ᶇ/
Wala (none) • /l/ Silong (below)
Away (fight) Lapis (pencil) Pangutana (to ask)
Adlaw (day) Bulok (color) Putong (easily offended)
• /t/ Papel (paper) • /ᵓ/
Talawan (scaredy-cat) • /r/ Tusok /prick/
Patay (dead) Repollo (cabbage) • /h/
Alot (haircut) Rosario (rosary) Hangin (wind;air)
Stress
Stress in Cebuano can occur on any syllable of a word. The position of
stress can distinguish word meaning.

Example:
Hapon (Stress on first syllable) – Afternoon
Hapon (Stress on second syllable) – Japanese
Nouns
• Nouns are marked for number. Plural is expressed by
putting mga in front of the noun. The noun itself remains
unchanged, e.g., libro ‘book’, mga libro ‘books’.
• Subject nouns are preceded by the markers si for names of people
(personal) and ang for everything else (common).
• Possession is marked by two prepositions: ni (for personal)
and sa for everything else, e.g., ang balay ni Amosin ‘Amosin’s
house’, ang atop sa balay ‘roof of the house’.
• Adjectives precede nouns, e.g., ang pula balay ‘red
house’. Kaayo ‘very’ follows the adjective, e.g., ang pula kaayo
balay ‘very red house’.
Pronouns
• Personal pronouns distinguish 1st, 2nd, 3rd persons and
singular and plural number.
• There is an inclusive and an exclusive 1st person plural. Inclusive
form includes the addressee, while the exclusive form does not.
• There is no gender distinction in the 3rd person singular.
• Personal pronouns refer only to humans. There is no equivalent
of the English it.
• There are three demonstrative pronouns. One is equivalent to
the English this, the other two distinguish between a near and
not so near that.
Verbs
Subject pronouns follow the verb.
Cebuano verbs are morphologically complex and take on a variety of
affixes to mark focus (trigger), tense, aspect, and mood. Verbal affixes
consist of a variety of prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes.
Word order
Cebuano is a verb-initial language. Adjectives precede the nouns they
modify. The order of other constituents that follow the verb is relatively
free, but there is a general preference for the subject to precede the
object.
Vocabulary
Cebuano vocabulary is Austronesian in origin. It shares many words
with Tagalog. As a result of Spanish influence, Cebuano also contains
many words of Spanish origin, such as names of the days of the week
and months. In addition, the language has borrowed words from
Chinese, Arabic, and English.
Writing
Although it is commonly believed that each province in the Philippines had its own
ancient alphabet, Spanish writers of the 16th century reported that the practice of
writing was found only in the Manila area at the time of first contact. Writing spread
to the other islands later, in the middle of the 16th century. The Spaniards usually
called the ancient Filipino script “Tagalog letters”, regardless of the language for
which it was used.
 Semantics
Cebuano speakers’ have expressive use of the language by broadening the original meaning of the
word into a more expressive way of conveying the message to the listeners. Language contact
(e.g. Spanish colonization which caused the borrowing of the word chica), social conventions (e.g.
papa), technology (e.g. Kodak), religion (e.g. Judas), expressive use of language (i.e. berde ug
dugo) could account for the linguistic change among the Cebuano words.

Example: Higante sa natad sa panulad.

Originally, higante only refers to the large
creature. (Denotation)
‘Giant in the field of writing’ (Connotation)
 Pragmatics
Kodak is originally a brand name of the
camera. Currently, it is used to refer to a
camera in general by some Cebuano
speakers. ‘A brand name of a camera Kodak’
→ ‘camera in general’
Example: “Kodaki kuno ko palihog diri” (Please take my
picture here)
Take a look at Article 1 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights in Cebuano.
Artikulo 1
Ang tanang katawhan gipakatawo nga may
kagawasan ug managsama sa kabililhon. Sila
gigasahan sa salabutan ug tanlag og mag-ilhanay
isip managsoon sa usa’g-usa diha sa diwa sa
ospiritu
Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards
one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Maguindanao
Maguindanao or Maguindanaon
is an Austronesian language
spoken by a majority of the
Population of Maguindanao
province in the Philippines. It is
also spoken by sizable
minorities in different parts of
Mindanao such as the cities of
Zamboanga, Dabao, and
General Santos, and the
provinces of North Cotabato,
Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato,
Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur,
Zamboanga Sibugay, as well as
Metro Manila. 
Maguindanao, also
spelled Maguindanao
or Magindanaw, also
Maguindanaon,
ethnolinguistic group
living primarily in
south-central
Mindanao, the largest
Island in the Southern
Philippines.
Language Family

Austronesian – Malayo
- Polynesian -
Philippine Greater
Central - Philippine
Danao -
Maguindanao.
Demography
Before this century the Cotabato Valley
appears to have been only sparsely inhabited
despite its large area and evident fertility. By
the turn of the century there may have been
100,000 or more Maguindanao living there.
The 1948 census found 155,000 Muslims in
Cotabato, nearly all of whom would have
been Maguindanao. Population figures from
the 1980 census are not categorized by
ethnicity or religion. Those figures show that
Maguindanao was the primary language
spoken in 85,964 "households."
Phonology
Alphabet
Pronunciation
 Syntax
The Noun is that part of speech which serves to make known things or
persons, and the qualities which pertain to them. There are substantive
nouns and adjective nouns.
 Substantive noun – is the name which serves to make any thing or
person known which is within the conception of man, thus: Palan –
A wooded hill; Lalan – road; Islam – Moro ; Capla – goodness.
 The noun may be proper or common. A proper noun is the name of
some particular person, place, or thing.
 A common noun is the name which is applied to anyone of a kind or
class of objects. Thus: Tan – man; Kayo – tree; Kuda – horse.
 
Pronouns
Pronouns
Pronouns
 Verbs
Their formation is subject to the following rules:
1) An expression of the nature of a verb, in other words a knd of a verbal root, such as
surat (sulat) – written is changed according to the term used with each prefix or
suffix
2) To fix the signation of the root, in active, in general, in terms um, inum, ma, mag,
pag etc., are used according as the root begins with a vowel or consonant, thus:
sulat-written, by the incorporation of the term um becomes sumulat, - to write:
3) As a general rule, it is customary to form verbs from verbal roots which begin with
a vowel by using the prefixes ma or mag in the present or future, with the ma for
the past, and with pa or pana for the imperative.
Concordance is the conformity of variable words in
grammatical use. It may be of gender and number among
substantive nouns, adjectives, pronouns and articles. This
concordance has no place in Maguindanao, as all nouns are
common of two, and articles and adjectives of three, without
any of them changing their terminations. This also happens in
concordance of numbers and persons, which consists of
placing the verb in the number of persons of the subjects, as in
this tongue the verb has the same termination for all numbers
and persons.
Construction is the placing of words in their proper
order in a sentence. The natural order is that the article
first, followed by a noun, which in turn is followed by
an adjective, the verb and adverb coming afterwards.
Between these part of a sentence others are sometimes
placed in order to better or more intelligently carry out
idea intended.
Chavacano
a group of 
Spanish-based creole language varieties
spoken in the Philippines. The variety
spoken in Zamboanga City, located in
the southern Philippine island group of
Mindanao, has the highest concentration
of speakers. Other currently existing
varieties are found in Cavite City and
Ternate, located in the Cavite province
on the island of Luzon. Chavacano is the
only Spanish-based creole in Asia.
The Cebuanos They were indienous people mostly from the island of
Santissimo Nombre de Jesus, or Cebu, who numbered about one
thousand (1,000), according to historical accounts2, and tasked mainly
as laborers in building the fort for the Spaniards. History, as it is vaguely
recalled or theorized, however never gave due diligence to the
importance or makeup of these numerous Cebuanos, and thus we
hereby present that they would be consisted of the best warriors and
craftsmen that the Christianized "Datu" of Cebu could recruit for this
mission, in coordination with the Bishop of Cebu, Fray Pedro, and
Governor Juan Cerezo de Salamanca.

The Cebuanos
The Jesuit Priests, Order of the Society of Jesus Along with the Cebuanos came just a "few" of their
island's Jesuit priests who were "given" and "entrusted" by Bishop Fray Pedro of Cebu the "spiritual
affairs" to do the religious conversion of the natives in "Samboanga," and provide religious guidance to
the Spanish troops and their Cebuano people.5 Surprisingly, historical accounts also show that the
Jesuits did go to battle with the soldiers, acting as spiritual guides to the troops. We present that they
also acted as translators between the Spanish soldiers and the Visayan warriors.

The Jesuit Priests, Order of the

Society of Jesus
The "Castilian" Soldiers The armada of Spanish ships originating from their
main Naval Shipyard in Cavite bound for Jambangan via the island of Cebu
would carry these well-armed Castilian soldiers numbered around three
hundred (300), according to historical accounts, with plenty of room to
spare for their one thousand (1,000) Cebuano warriors and craftsmen, and
a few Jesuit priests. As conquerors, the Castilian Soldiers' aristocratic and
superiority tendencies will place them in charge of the mission and will
consequently influence the CDZ to be heavily based on ancient Castilian
Spanish,

The Castilian Soldiers

As the mother tongue of the
majority of the inhabitants of the
tip of the Zamboanga Peninsula on
the island of Mindanao is definitely
not Austronesian. Perhaps as many
as 700,000 people here speak 
Chavacano (alternatively,
Zamboangueño or Chabacano* de
Zamboanga), a Spanish-based
creole language that has been
influenced by a number of
Philippine languages. 
Chavacano alphabet and pronunciation (Zamboanga dialect)
The traditional word order of Chabacano is VSO (verb-
subject-object). In this respect it converges with the substrate
languages Tagalog and Cebuano, but it is also worth
remembering that VSO was common (arguably the norm) in
Spanish until quite recently (see Zubizarreta 1998). A
Chabacano example is given in (1) below:
 
(1) Ta mirá Mario cun José
‘Mario sees José.’
Chabacano has both a definite and an indefinite article, viz. el and un, but both
are invariant:
• el bata
‘the boy’
• el voz
‘the voice’
• un bata mujer
‘the woman’
Morphology
As is typical of creoles, Chabacano has virtually no inflectional morphology, in that nouns,
adjectives, verbs and determiners are almost always invariant. In the first place, gender simply is
non-existent as a grammatical category, with adjectives being descended from the masculine in
Spanish:
• El mujer alto ya andá na plaza.
‘The tall woman went to the market.’
• el escuela limpio
‘the school is clean 
Note that, as in many other creoles, masculine or feminine semanticsm can be signalled through
agglutination to the base noun of words meaning ‘male’ or ‘female’, viz. macho and mujer. An
example is given below:
• el caballo mujer
‘the mare’
As regards grammatical number, plurality
in the NP is usually expressed through the
particle mana (< Tagalog mga):
• el mana casa
‘las casas’
• el mana compañera
‘the companions’
Adjectives can usually be used as adverbs: Eli ta clavá bueno el vista ‘He/She
stares’, caminá chiquitito ‘to walk in short steps’.

• Ya mirá yo cun José.

‘I saw José.’
• Nisós ya pidí pabor cun su papang.
‘We asked your father for a favor.
• Ele ya empesá buscá que buscá con el sal.
‘He/She began to search everywhere for the salt.’
 Sample text in Chabacano de Zamboanga
Todo'l maga ser humano nace libre e igual en dignidad y
maga derecho. Dotado con ellos el razon y conciencia y
debe ellos comporta fraternalmente con el maga uno con
el maga otro.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act
towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
• Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2016, October 3).
Mindanao. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Mindanao
• Lieto, Reynaldo C. (1971). Magindanao, 1860-1888: The
Career of Dato Uto of Buayan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Department
of Asian Studies, Cornell University. Maguindanao at
• Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) Hammarström, Harald;
Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
"Maguindanao". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki
• https://www.dynamiclanguage.com
• ^"Commission on the Filipino Language Act". Chan
Robles Library. Retrieved. July 19, 2007.
• ^"The Constitution of the Philippines - GOVPH"
• ^ "Philippine". Ethnologue. Retrieved. September 28,
2017
• ^ The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino enumerated 134
Philippine language and 1 national language (Filipino)
present in the country through its Atlas Filipinas map
published in 2016.
• Linguistics map of the Philippines at Muturzikin.com
• Oxford Languages
• “Visayan language distribution map.png”
https://commons.wikipedia.org/wifi/File:Visayan_language_
distribution_map.png
• Malayo – Polynesian Language -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_langua
ges
• “Cebuano” -
https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/cebuano/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavacano
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabacano
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Língua_chavacanas 
http://chabacano.iespana.es/english.htm
http://www.zamboanga.com/chavacano/chavacano_de
_zamboanga_speak.htm
http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/chabig.html
Chavacano dictionary
http://www.zamboanga.com/chavacano/
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Thank You!
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