Calculus with Analytic Geometry

Rectangular Coordinates
ROLANDO S. MERLE CSTC_BSED2
Course Description

This course equips the Pre - service teachers with knowledge and skills about lines, conic sections, limits and continuous functions, differentiating and integrating
algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions in one variable needed in higher calculus. The course emphasizes the enhancement of critical thinking
and problem-solving skills related to analytic geometry and calculus.

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC – BSED 2

Course Learning Outcomes

1. Demonstrate understanding of core analytic geometry concepts by relating these to calculus concepts of limits, continuity, derivatives, and anti-derivatives;
2. Demonstrate higher order thinking skills by applying concepts and skills in carrying out computations and explorations of analytic geometry and calculus problems with or without the
use of ICT tools.

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC – BSED 2

 TOPICS
• Analytic Geometry
• Ordered Pairs of real numbers
• Distance formula
COURSE • Slopes, different forms of the
OVERVIEW equation of the line
• Parallel line and perpendicular
lines
• Conic sections ( circle, parabola,
ellipse and hyperbola)
Rectangular Coordinate Plane
• Cartesian Plane
• Four quadrants
• Point is (x, y)

• Graph A(3, 2)
• Graph B(-1, 4)
Rectangular Coordinates
• Distance Formula
• Pythagorean Theorem
Rectangular Coordinates
• Midpoint formula
• Average of the points (mean)
Rectangular Coordinates
• Find the (a) distance and (b)
midpoint between (-1, 3) and (2, -5)
Exercise

• Find the distance between the

points ( 7,4) and (-3, 0)
• If points P (x, -1) is equidistant
from (7,2) and Q(3,-4). Find the
value of x.
• Given the vertices of a triangle (-
4, -3),(2,7) and (-1, 2). Find the
length of the sides of the triangle
and determine the type of triangle.
• Determine the midpoint of (0,8)
and (-2,6).
Graphs of Equations
• Basic graphing method
• Make a table
• Choose x, Calculate y
• Graph
 Graph of Equations
• Intercepts
• Point where a graph crosses the
axes
• To find the intercepts
• x-intercept
• Let and solve for x
• y-intercept
• Let and solve for y
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Slope-intercept form
• , horizontal line
•m = slope (rate of change) • , vertical line
•(0, b) = y-intercept
• To graph a Line
Point –Slope Form
y – = m ( x -) 1. Plot the y-intercept
Two-Point Form 2. Follow the slope to get a
y – = ( x -) couple more points
Intercept Form
+ =1 3. Draw a line through the
General Equation : points
Ax + By + C = 0
 Linear Equations
• Slope (m) =
•

• If slope is
• m > 0 → rises
• m = 0 → horizontal
• m < 0 → falls
• m undefined → vertical
 Linear Equations
• Find the slope and y-intercept
and graph

• y = -7x + 20
• y= x-
• 3y- 4x + 1 = 0
Parallel Lines: slopes are equal
Perpendicular Lines: slopes are
negative reciprocal
Linear Equations
• Find the slope of the line passing through (-3, -2) and (1, 6)
• Find the equation of the passing through ( -12,1) with slope –3
• Find the equation of the line passing through the point (4,-8) and
whose intercepts are equal.
• Find the area of a triangle which the line 3x -8y =24 forms with
the coordinate axes.
• Find the equation of the line passing through the point (-6, 3) and
perpendicular to 3x-4y + 25=0

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Distance from a Line to Point
• Using the distance formula
Linear Equations
• Find the distance between the following parallel lines 4x – 3y-12 = 0
and 4x -3y -27 =0
Solution:
=
=
=
THE NEGATIVE SIGN OF D IMPLIES
d = -3 THAT THE POINT (3,0) AND THE
ORIGIN ARE ON THE SAME SIDE OF
4X – 3Y-27 = 0, THEREFORE THE
D=3

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Linear Equations
• Write Linear Equations • Find slope-intercept form of
the line passing through (0, -2)
1. Find slope (m) with m = 3.
2. Find a point on the line
3. Use point-slope form
Linear Equations
• Parallel and Penpendicular • Find the equation of the line
• Parallel → same slope passing through and
perpendicular to:
• Perpendicular → slopes are
.
negative reciprocals
CONIC SECTIONS
• a curve formed by passing through of a plane with a double napped circular cone;
• the angular orientation of the plane relative to the other cone defines whether the
conic section is a circle, parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola;
• the graphs the 2nd degree equation of the form A+ C+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 is defined by
the value of - 4AC
CONIC SECTION - 4AC ECCENTRICITY

CIRCLE - 4AC e=0

PARABOLA - 4AC = 0 e=1

ELLIPSE - 4AC 0e

HYPERBOLA - 4AC E

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Determine the type of the Conic Section that each of general equation
describes:

• 9 + 9-6x + 18y + 11 = 0
• 4 + 4xy ++ 8x + 24y+ 36 =0
• 2 + 4x + 24y + 44= 0
• 4 + 6xy + -4x -2y + 43 = 0

ROLANDO S. MERLE CSTC-BSED 2

CONIC SECTIONS-is a curve formed by
• CIRCLE- set of all points equidistant from a fixed point on a plain
called center.
• General Form of the equation of the Circle
+ +Dx + Ey + F = 0
• Standard Form
+
Center: ( h, k)
r=radius
ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2
 Circle
• Change the equation + 8x – 6y = 0
and determine the center and radius of the
Circle.
+ 8x – 6y = 0 Given
( + 8x) + ( -6y) = 0 group
( + 8x+ 16) + ( -6y+ 9) = 16+9 completing the square
( + ( = 25
Thus, (h,k) = (-4,3) and r = 5
ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2
Tangent to a Circle
• A straight line that intersects the
circle at exactly one point.

Given the equation of the circle -8x –

14y + 45 = 0 , prove that x-2y = 0 is a
tangent to the circle
 Graph of Equations
• Circles

• where (h, k) is the center

• And r is the radius

• Graph
Parabola
A SET OF POINTS IN A
PLANE EQUIDISTANT
FROM A FIXED POINT AND
A FIXED LINE. THE FIXED
POINT IS CALLED THE
FOCUS AND THE FIXED
LINE IS THE DIRECTRIX

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Parabola
• Set of all points in plane equidistant from a fixed point (focus) and
fixed line (directrix).
• General Form

THE EQUATION OF THE

PARABOLA OPENING TO
THE RIGHT IS = 4CX

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Parabola
• General Form

THE EQUATION OF
THE PARABOLA
OPENING UPWARD
IS = 4CY

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Parabola
• General Form to Standard Form CONVERT THE
GENERAL FORM
TO STANDARD
FORM

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Parabola
•General Form to Standard Form
1. + 12x + 2y + 25 = 02. 2x^2 – 12x – y + 16 = 0
Solution:
+ 2y =-12x- 25
+ 2y + 1 = -12x – 25+ 1
( = -12x-24
( = -12x-24
(y + 1)^2 = -12(x-2)

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Parabola with vertex at the origin
Standards equation Focus Directrix Axis of symmetry Endpoints of the Latus Opening of the Graph
Rectum

= 4cx (c, 0) x= -c x- axis (c, 2c) right

(c, -2c)

= -4cx (-c,0) x=c x- axis (-c, 2c) left

(-c, -2c
= 4cy (0, c) y=-c y-axis (2c, c) upward
(-2c, c)
= -4cy (0, -c) y= c y-axis (2c, -c) downward
(-2c,-c)

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Example
• Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at ( 0, 0) and focus
at (0, -3/4)
• Solution
= -4cy
= -4()y
= -3y
 Functions and Functional Notation
• Relation
EXAMPLES • Rule that relates 2 quantities
• Function
• Special relation
• A function f from set A to set B
is a relation that assigns each
element x in set A to exactly one
element in set B
• Set A: input domain
• Set B: ouput range
Example
• Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at ( 0, 0) and focus
at (0. -3/4)
• Solution
= -4cy Vertex ( 0, 0)
= -4()y Focus: (0. -3/4)
= -3y axis of Symmetry: y -axis
Functions
• Is this a function

2
𝑥 +𝑦=4
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -8 -1 0 1 8
Functions
• Functional Notation • Evaluate

• f(1/x)
• f(
Functions
• Piecewise functions

𝑓 (2)
• Function made of more than
one function with specific
domains

• Evaluate
Functions
• Domain of a function • What is the domain?
• Implied domain - all real
numbers for which the
expression is defined
• Interval notation
• [ ] means =
• ( ) means ≠
• (2, 7] means
Functions
• Difference Quotient

• Simplify the difference

quotient for
 Graphs of Functions
• Find the domain and range
from a graph
• Domain: part of x-axis
covered by graph
• Range: part of y-axis covered
by graph
 Graphs of Functions
• Vertical Line Test
• A graph represents a function if no vertical line can touch 2 points
on the graph

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Graphs of Functions
• Zeros of a function • Find the zeros of
• x-value such that
• x-intercepts
• To find, make and solve for x
Graphs of Functions
• Increasing (rises from left to
right)
• Decreasing (falls from left to
right)
• Constant (horizontal)
• Relative minimum (lowest
point in area)
• Relative maximum (highest
point in area)
 Graphs of Functions
• Rate of Change
• Average rate of change = slope between 2 points

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC- BSED 2

Tool-Kit Functions
constant function f(x) = c,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is the set {c} that
contains this single element.
• Neither increasing or
decreasing.
• Symmetric over the y-axis
Tool-Kit Functions
identity function f(x) = x,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increases from (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
Tool-Kit Functions
absolute value function,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is [0, ∞).
• Decreasing on (−∞, 0) and
increasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis
Tool-Kit Functions
quadratic function ,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is only nonnegative
real numbers, [0, ∞).
• Decreasing over (−∞, 0) and
increasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis.
Tool-Kit Functions
cubic function ,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increasing on (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
Tool-Kit Functions
reciprocal function ,
• Domain is all real numbers
except 0, {x|x ≠ 0}.
• Range is all real numbers
except 0, {y|y ≠ 0}.
• Decreasing on (−∞, 0) and (0,
∞).
• Symmetric about the origin
and over the lines y = x and y =
−x.
Tool-Kit Functions
reciprocal squared function ,
• Domain is all real numbers
except 0, {x|x ≠ 0}.
• Range is only positive real
numbers, (0, ∞).
• Increasing on (−∞, 0) and
decreasing on (0, ∞).
• Symmetric over the y-axis.
Tool-Kit Functions
square root function
• Domain is 0 or greater, [0,
∞).
• Range is 0 or greater, [0, ∞).
• Increasing on (0, ∞).
• No symmetry.
Tool-Kit Functions
cube root function ,
• Domain is all real numbers.
• Range is all real numbers.
• Increasing over (−∞, ∞).
• Symmetric about the origin.
MOVEMENT OF THE FUNCTIONS

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS
ROLANDO MERLE CSTC – BESD 2
Transformations of Functions
• Translations (shift)
• Moves the graph
• Horizontal
• For , write a function with a
vertical shift of 3 down and 2
right.

• c shifts right
• Vertical

• d shifts up
Transformations of Functions
• Reflections • Dilations
• x-axis • Stretch/Shrink
• Vertical • Horizontal

• Stretch by
• y-axis
• Vertical
• Horizontal
• Stretch by a
 Transformations of Functions
• Put it all together

• a = vertical stretch
• = horizontal stretch
• c = horizontal shift right
• d = vertical shift up

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC-BSED2

Transformations of Functions
• Given
• Identify the Tool-Kit function
• Describe the transformations
• Sketch the graph
• Use functional notation to
write g in terms of f
Transformations of Functions
• Write the function for
g(x)=-(x-2)²+6
Combinations of Functions
• Add • If and , find
• Subtract
• Multiply
• Divide
Combinations of Functions
• Composition • Domain of is all x in domain of
g such that is in the domain of
f.
• Substitute g into f
• x→g→f

• If and , find
• If and , find the domain of
Combinations of Functions
• Decompose • Decompose
• Find and so that
• Pick a portion to be g(x), then
replace that with x to get f(x)
• Decompose
Inverse Functions
• Inverse functions • Verify that and
• Switch x and y are inverses
• Switch inputs and outputs

• Verify inverses by showing

• and
Inverse Functions
• Graphs of inverses • One-to-one
• Reflected over line • A function is one-to-one if each
y corresponds to exactly one x.
• Passes the horizontal line test
• Inverse of a 1-to-1 is a function
Inverse Functions
• Finding inverses • Find the inverse of
1. Replace f(x) with y
2. Switch x and y
3. Solve for y
4. If you did step 1, replace y
with f (x)
-1
Inverse Functions
• Find the inverse of

ROLANDO MERLE CSTC-BSED2

Math Modeling
• Mathematical modeling
• Find a function to fit data points

• Least squares regression (linear)

• Gives the best fitting line
• The amount of error is given by the correlation coefficient (r)
Math Modeling
• Number (in 1000s) of female • On TI-graphing
USAF personnel, P, on active • STAT ∨ Edit... and enter data
duty
• STAT → CALC ∨ LinReg(ax+b)
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
P 66.8 67.6 71.5 73.5 73.8
• Find a model with t=0 being
2000
Math Modeling
• Real-Life Problems
• Slope = rate of change

• Interpolation
• Within data
• Small error
• Extrapolation
• Outside of data
• Possibly huge error
Math Modeling
• Variations • A company found the demand
• Direct for its product varies inversely
as the price of the product.
When the price is Php 2.75, the
• Inverse demand is 600 units. Write an
equation.
• Joint

• a = constant of variation