Periodic Table

Periodic Table – is a chart in which element

having similar chemical and physical properties
are grouped together.
Periods - horizontal rows.

Groups/families - subgroups due to their

similarities.
 3 Categories of Periodic Table
 Metal- a good conductor of heat and electricity
- majority known elements
 Nonmetal – a poor conductor of heat and electricity
- 17 elements
 Metalloid – has properties that are intermediate between
metals and nonmetal

- 8 elements
Group IA – Alkali Metals
Group IIA – Alkaline Earth Metals
Group IIIA – Boron Family
Group IVA – Carbon Family
Group V – Nitrogen Family
Group VI – Oxygen Family
Group VII – Halogen Family
 Person’s involved in Chemistry
 Dmitri Mendeleev – designed the arrangement of periodic
table according to atomic mass.
 Lothar Meyer – a German Chemist.
– devised a classification of the elements into a table that
accounted for the periodic variations in properties.
 H.G Moseley – determine the charge on the nucleus ,
he concluded that the elements should be arrange by
increasing atomic number
 Hennig Brand – he discover the first element in the periodic
table (“K” Phosphorus)
 Johan Dobereiner – He group the elements
 A.E Beguyer de Chancourtois – he was the first person to
make use of atomic weight
 Glenn Seaborg – he discovered the transuranium elements
Subdivisions of Main Energy
Levels
 Electron C onfiguration


mnemonics
 Orbital Diagram

Hund’s rule – for any set of orbitals of equal

energy such as the set of 2p orbitals, it is found that
there is one electron in each orbital before there is
any pairing
 Valence Electrons
 The electrons in the outer energy level(s) are the ones that
will be used in forming compounds

Example: Example:
Sodium(Na) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Magnesium (Mg) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
= 1 valence Electron = 2 valence Electron
= Group 1A = Group IIA
= 1 unpaired electron = 0 unpaired electron

Representative Elements - the number of valence electrons

corresponds to the group number
Transition Elements – s and d electrons
 Periodic Trends
 Atomic size - defined as ½ distance between neighbouring
nuclei in molecule or crystal.
 Ionization Energy - the amount of energy required to remove
an electron from an atom or ion.
 First ionization energy – the amount of energy required to removed
one electron from the atom.
 Second ionization energy – the amount of energy required to remove
the second electron from the ion; and so forth; always higher than
the first.

• Electron affinity – the amount of energy released when the

atom gains an electron.
• Electronegativity – the general tendency of the atom to attract
electrons toward itself in a compound.
• Metallic properties -
 DECREASING
I Atomic Size
N
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
 I NCREASING
D Ionization Energy
E
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
 I NCREASING
D Electron affinity
Ionization Energy
E
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
 I NCREASING
D Ionization
Electronegativity
Energy
E
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
 DECREASING
I Metallic
Ionization
Properties
Energy
N
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
GAS LAWS
Gas Laws were developed at the end of
the 18th century, when scientists began to
realize that relationships between pressure,
volume and temperature of a sample of
gas could be obtained which would hold to
approximation for all gases.
 Boyle’s Law
 Robert Boyle (1662) studied the relationship between
volume and pressure of a gas of fixed amount at constant
temperature.
 At constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as
the pressure decreases. The volume of the gas decreases and
the pressure increases.

*where P is the pressure, and V is the volume of a gas.

 Charles’ Law
 Jacques Charles (1787) states that, at a constant pressure,
the volume of a gas increases as the temperature of the gas
increases and the volume decreases when the temperature
decreases.

*where V is the volume of a gas, T is the temperature (K).

 Gay-Lussac’s Law
 Amontons' law or the pressure law was found by Joseph
Louis Gay-Lussac (1808).
 It states that, the pressure of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature at a constant
volume.

*where P is the pressure, T is the temperature (K).

 Always remember that…
 Boyle’s Law – Temperature is constant

 Charles’ Law – Pressure is constant

 Gay-Lussac’s Law – Volume is constant

 Combined Gas Laws
 The Combined gas law or General Gas Equation is
obtained by combining Boyle's Law, Charles's law, and Gay-
Lussac's Law.
 It shows the relationship between the pressure, volume, and
temperature for a fixed mass (quantity) of gas: