CHAPTER III: METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES

Research Design, Research Instrument, Research Locale

Wilfred Glenn “Will” Tirol Catud, LPT, EMT
Research Learning Area
University of Perpetual Help System DALTA – Las Pinas
DECORUM FOR
ONLINE CLASSES
Get in session 5 minutes before assigned
time
All microphones on MUTE
Designated area with little to no outside
interference and noise
Opportunities to speak
After the lecture
Intermittent breaks during the lecture
Avenues to speak
Chat box
Raising of “hand”, and unmuting of
microphones
OBJECTIVES
• to orient oneself with the different Research
Designs suitable for the research group’s
study
• To discern the most appropriate Research
Instrument to be used to collect data for the
study
• To determine the Research Locale for the
study conducted
 CHAPTER III:
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND
PROCEDURES

- Research Design
- Research Instrument
- Research Locale
- Sampling Design
- Data Gathering Procedure
- Data Analysis Plan
RESEARCH DESIGN
(Treece, & Treece, 1973; 1977)

DESCRIPTIVE R.D.
- An investigation of present/existing
occurrences
- “what IS…?”
RESEARCH DESIGN
(Treece, & Treece, 1973; 1977)

HISTORICAL R.D.
- An investigation of occurrences that
have happened in the past
- “what WAS…?”
RESEARCH DESIGN
(Treece, & Treece, 1973; 1977)

EXPERIMENTAL R.D.
- An investigation of occurrences that
may/could happen if certain variables
are manipulated/tested
- “what WILL BE…?”
 TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE R.D.
(Camilar-Serrano, 2016)
DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
- Most fundamental Descriptive RD
- Determining differences among individuals
DESCRIPTIVE NORMATIVE
- findings/results will be based on the norm
DESCRIPTIVE STATUS
- Gathered data are linked to existing conditions
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
- separating/dissecting acquired results to smaller parts, then
given analysis
 TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE R.D.
(Camilar-Serrano, 2016)
DESCRIPTIVE CLASSIFICATION
- Gathered data are grouped into classifications
- Commonly used in natural science studies
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATIVE
- Gathered data will prove the worthiness of the
study
 TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE R.D.
(Camilar-Serrano, 2016)
DESCRIPTIVE-COMPARATIVE
- Groups of gathered data are compared with one
another, and is given conclusion on which is the
better variable
LONGITUDINAL SURVEY
- Investigation of a particular subject over periods
of time (weeks, months, years, decades)
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
(aka. Data Gathering Tool)
RESEARCHER-
COMPLETED

Filled out by the researcher

- Tally sheets
- Rating scales
- Performance checklists
- Interview guides
- Time-and-motion logs
- Observation schedules
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
(aka. Data Gathering Tool)
RESEARCHER-
COMPLETED
Filled out by the researcher
- Tally sheets
- Rating scales
- Performance checklists
- Interview guides
- Time-and-motion logs
- Observation schedules
SUBJECT-COMPLETED
Completed, and submitted
by the respondents
- Attitude scales
- Survey questionnaires
- Achievement tests
- Self-checklists
- Projective devices
- Sociometric devices
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
1. Desired data collection method
2. Sources/replication of prior R.I.s (if any)
3. Precautions/guidelines undertaken during
the composition of the R.I.
4. Sample content of the composed R.I.
(questions)
5. Table of Specifications (for experimental
studies)
RESEARCH LOCALE
(aka. Location of the Study)
- Description of the location of the study’s
conduct
- External environment
- General address, if it can be specified
- Relevance of the location to the study itself
- Deliberations made in choosing the location
(why there?)
KINDS OF SURVEYS
(Camilar-Serrano, 2016)
STRUCTURED
- aka. Close-format/Close-ended
- Some control/guidance is given for the
answer

e.g.
- Multiple choice questions
- Dichotomous questions (i.e. yes/no)
KINDS OF SURVEYS
(Camilar-Serrano, 2016)
UNSTRUCTURED
- aka. Open-format/Open-ended
- Calls for a free response in the respondent’s
own words
- Respondents frames and supplies answers to
the questions, constituting an opportunity to
express his/her opinions from a set of options
e.g.
- Short-answer essays
KINDS OF SURVEYS
(Camilar-Serrano, 2016)
RANK-ORDER
- Respondents indicate the order of
preference from a list of options
KINDS OF SURVEYS
(Camilar-Serrano, 2016)
RATING SCALE
- Aka. Likert Scale
- A scale where a set of items are arranged,
and respondents are only to choose one
- Originally formulated by the American
psychologist Rensis Likert in 1932 for
psychological tests
 QUALITIES OF THE
LIKERT SCALE
SYMMETRY
- Number of positive and negative choices
are bilaterally equal from the “neutral/zero
line”
BALANCE
- Distance between each value is the same,
allowing valid averaging of values
 KINDS OF LIKERT
SCALES
ODD-VALUED
- most-recommended, and the “most
honest” kind of Likert scale
- “five-point scale” (with a “neutral” option)
EVEN-VALUED
- “forced-choice” scale
- No “neutral/undecided” choice;
respondents are left to choose either a
positive, or negative choice
 QUESTIONS TO AVOID IN
SURVEYS
(Camilar-Serrano, 2016)
Connotative Questions
- Questions that have strong positive/negative
inclinations
Hypothetical Questions
- Questions based on speculation/fantasy
- - questions that are needed to be proven through
a strenuous process
Embarrassing Questions
- Asking about the respondent’s personal
matters/private preferences
ACTIVITY
As a research group, assign members to
compose the drafts for the Research Design,
Research Instrument, and Research Locale

Consultations of drafts will be conducted as a

group.