Interior Materials & Construction Techniques

PRESENTATION - 1

SIMRAN SAINI | BID – B | A2180320049

TOPICS COVERED :

 STONE
 BRICK
 LIME
 CEMENT
 SAND
 MORTAR
 CONCRETE
STONE
A HARD SOLID NON-METALLIC
MINERAL MATTER WHICH IS USED
AS A BUILDING MATERIAL.
TYPES OF ROCKS
TYPES OF STONES USED IN CONSTRUCTION

 Basalt - commonly used in road construction, as aggregate in concrete production, rubble masonry works for
bridge piers, river walls, and dams.
 Granite - The application of granite involves bridge piers, retaining walls, dams, curbs, stone columns, as coarse
aggregate in concrete, ballast for railways, as damp-proof course etc.
 Sandstone - Sandstones in combination with silica cement are used in the construction of heavy structures. It is
also employed in masonry works, dams, bridge piers, and river walls. It is composed of quartz and feldspar and
found in different colors such as white, grey, red, buff, brown, yellow, and dark gray.
 Slate - It is used as roofing tiles, slabs, and pavements. It consists of quartz, mica, and clay minerals.
 Limestone - It is used for flooring, roofing, pavements and as a base material for cement.
 Laterite - It is used as building stone, but its outer surface needs to be plastered. It contains a high percentage of
iron oxide and can be easily cut into blocks.
 Marble - It is used for facing and ornamental works in columns, flooring, and steps.
PROPERTIES USES

 Hard and durable.  Used for the construction of walls, arches,

 Not easily affected by weathering actions. abutments and dams.
 Used in retaining wall masonry to retain soil.
 Used in road construction.
 Used to make concrete.
PRICES
BRICK
A SMALL RECTANGULAR BLOCK
TYPICALLY MADE OF FIRED OR
SUN-DRIED CLAY, USED AS A
BUILDING MATERIAL.
TYPES OF BRICKS

 Sun-Dried or Unburnt Clay Bricks: these are less durable and these are used for temporary structures.
 Burnt Clay Bricks: these are good quality bricks but however they also consist some defected bricks.
 Fly Ash Bricks: these are manufactured using fly ash and water. These bricks have better properties than clay
bricks and great resistant to freeze thaw cycles. These bricks contains high concentration of calcium oxide which
is used in cement production, thus it is also called as self-cementing brick.
 Concrete Bricks: these are manufacturing using concrete with ingredients as cement, sand, coarse aggregates and
water. These bricks can be manufactured in sizes as required.
 Engineering Bricks: these have high compressive strength and are used special applications where strength, frost
resistance, acid resistance, low porosity is required.
 Sand Lime or Calcium Silicate Bricks: these are made of sand and lime and popularly known as sand lime
bricks. These bricks are used for ornamental works in buildings, masonry works etc.
PROPERTIES USES

 Durable  Construction of walls .

 Low cost material  Construction of floors.
 Good strength  Construction of arches and cornices.
 Easily available  Broken bricks can be use as an aggregate in
 Light in compared to stone concrete.
PRICES
LIME
LIME IS A CALCIUM-CONTAINING
INORGANIC MINERAL COMPOSED
PRIMARILY OF OXIDES, AND
HYDROXIDE, USUALLY CALCIUM
OXIDE AND/ OR CALCIUM
HYDROXIDE.
TYPES OF LIME

 QUICK LIME: It is also known as caustic lime. It is obtained by calcination of comparatively pure lime stone. It
is amorphous in nature, highly caustic and possesses great affinity to moisture.
 SLAKED LIME: It is also known as hydrate of lime. It is obtained by slaking (i.e. chemical combination of quick
lime with water) of quick lime.
 FAT LIME: It is also known as high calcium lime or pure lime or rich lime or white lime. It is popularly known as
fat lime as it slakes vigorously and its volume is increased to about 2 to 2.5 times that of quick lime. This lime is
used for various purposes as white washing, plastering of walls, as lime mortar with sand for pointing in masonry
work, as a lime mortar with surkhi for thick masonry walls, foundations, etc.
 HYDRAULIC LIME: It is also known as water lime. This lime contains clay and some amount of ferrous oxide.
It sets under water and hence also known as water lime.
PROPERTIES
 Good workability
 Stiffens quickly
 Low shrinkage
 Good resistance to moisture
 Good plasticity
USES
 Treatment of water
 Manufacturing glass, sand lime bricks, paint.
 Used as lime mortar for masonry work of buildings
 Plastering
 White washing
 Used as lime concrete to make water-proof
structures.
PRICES
CEMENT
CEMENT IS A BINDER, A
SUBSTANCE USED FOR
CONSTRUCTION THAT SETS,
HARDENS, AND ADHERES TO
OTHER MATERIALS TO BIND THEM
TOGETHER.
TYPES OF CEMENT

 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): This types of cement are most commonly used in general concrete
construction.
 Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC): It has the quality of attaining high strength in a short period of
time and preferred for construction purposes where speed is of importance.
 Portland Slag Cement (PSC): This cement has high resistance to sulphates, and it is suitable for environments
exposed to sulphates.
 Quick-setting Cement: This cement is specially made for under-water concreting. It is obtained by adding a
certain quantity of aluminium sulphate and reducing the quantity of gypsum and made into a fine powder.
 Expanding Cement: This type of cement is produced by adding an expanding medium like sulpho-aluminate and
a stabilising agent to ordinary cement. This cement is used for repairing concrete surfaces as it expands during
curing.
 White Cement: This cement is burnt by oil and does not contain colouring agents such as iron oxide, manganese
USES

 Making joints for drains and pipes.

 Prepare RCC structures.
 Construction of buildings, bridges, tanks, flyovers etc.
 Construction works like masonry, plaster, flooring etc.
 Making mortar and concrete.
PRICES
SAND
SAND IS A GRANULAR MATERIAL
COMPOSED OF FINELY DIVIDED
ROCK AND MINERAL PARTICLES.
TYPES OF SAND & USES

 Concrete Sand: Concrete is a type of course sand usually made of gneiss, trap rock, granite, or limestone. It has
earned its name because it’s the most common type used to mix cement or hot asphalt. It can also be used as a
leveling base layer for patios or above-ground pools.
 Crushed Stone: Crushed stone sand is made of granite or basalt rock and is created with a three-stage crushing
process. Your sand supplier may also call it a fine aggregate or M sand. Its main purpose is as a mortar mix for
plastering.
 Utility Sand: Utility is a type of fine sand that is usually made of quartz. It is also often called pipe sand because
it is used to backfill pipes after laying them.
 Fill Sand: Fill is a type of fine sand that compacts well. It is used to backfill after plumbing and electrical work,
as a base material for concrete, and to fill large holes. It’s also often used for horse arenas and golf courses.
 Beach Sand: Beach sand is fine. Because it tends to absorb moisture, it’s not used in construction such as in
concrete. It is used in creating volleyball courts, patios, and playgrounds as an attractive and soft surface.
PROPERTIES

 It is a naturally available material

 Durable
 It can mix with binding materials easily
 It has shiny luster
PRICES
MORTAR
MORTAR IS A BONDING AGENT
WHICH IS GENERALLY PRODUCED
BY MIXING CEMENTING OR
BINDING MATERIAL (LIME
OR CEMENT) AND FINE
AGGREGATE (SAND, SAWDUST,
ETC.) WITH WATER.
TYPES OF MORTAR

 Cement Mortar: It is a type of mortar where cement is used as binding material and sand is used as fine
aggregate. Depending upon the desired strength, the cement to the sand proportion of cement mortar varies from
1:2 to 1:6.
 Lime Mortar: It is a type of mortar where lime (fat lime or hydraulic lime) is used as binding material and sand is
used as fine aggregate. The lime to the sand proportion of is kept 1:2.
 Gauged Mortar: It is a type of mortar where cement and lime both are used as binding material and sand is used
as fine aggregate. Basically, it is a lime mortar where cement is added to gain higher strength. The process is
known as gauging. The cement to the lime proportion varies from 1:6 to 1:9.
 Surki Mortar: It is a type of mortar where lime is used as binding material and surki is used as fine aggregate.
Surki mortar is economic.
 Mud Mortar: It is a type of mortar where mud is used as binding material and sawdust, rice husk or cow-dung is
used as fine aggregate. Mud mortar is useful where lime or cement is not available.
USES

 To bind bricks or stones.

 Used in plaster work as finishing material to provide weather resistance.
 Cover joints.
 Water retention.
PRICES
CONCRETE
CONCRETE IS A CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL COMPOSED OF CEMENT,
FINE AGGREGATES (SAND) AND
COARSE AGGREGATES MIXED
WITH WATER WHICH HARDENS
WITH TIME.
TYPES OF CONCRETE

 Plain/ordinary concrete: This type of concrete is one of the most commonly-used, often for

the construction of pavements and where buildings don’t require very high tensile strength. The constituents
are cement, sand and aggregate, mixed with water, typically in the ratio 1:2:4.
 Lightweight concrete: Also known as cellular concrete, this is a very 'flowable' material and so can be easily
poured by using gravity and is self-levelling. It is typically used to construct floor slabs, window panels and roofs.
 High density concrete: Also known as cellular concrete, this is a very 'flowable' material and so can be easily
poured by using gravity and is self-levelling. It is typically used to construct floor slabs, window panels and roofs.
 Reinforced concrete: To increase its overall strength, steel rods, wires, mesh or cables can be embedded
in concrete before it sets (or laid before the concrete is poured). This reinforcement, often known as rebar, resists
tensile forces, whilst concrete resists compressive forces.
 Air-entrained concrete: This is a form of plain concrete that contains microscopic air bubbles that range in size
from a few thousandths of an inch in diameter to a few hundredths, and typically constitute between 4 and 7% of
the total volume of the concrete.
PROPERTIES USES

 Workability  Foundation of slabs in building.

 Strength  Coating material for water proofing.
 Durability
 Dimensionless Stability
PRICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.google.com
 https://www.wikipedia.org
 https://my.indiamart.com
 https://theconstructor.org
 https://www.pinterest.ca