Chapter 6

Double and Triple

integration

1
 Double Integrals
• Let z=f(x,y), then we have two variables of integration: x and
y.So, we use double integration
• Simple integrals represent areas, double integrals represent
volume.
We want to know the volume
defined by z=f(x,y) ≥ 0
on the rectangle R=[a,b]×[c,d]

2
• Similar to the intuition behind simple integrals, we can think
of the double integral as a sum of small –easy to calculate-
volumes.

3
 ij’s column:
y z

(xi, yj) f (xij*, yij*)

Rij

Sample point (xij*, yij*) y

x x
Δy

x
Δ
Area of Rij is Δ A = Δ x Δ y
Volume of ij’s column: f ( xij* , yij* )A
m n

Total volume of all columns: 

i 1 j 1
f ( xij* , yij* ) A
4
 m n
V   f ( xij* , yij* ) A
i 1 j 1

• Definition of a Double Integral:

m n
V  lim  f ( xij* , yij* )  A
m, n  i 1 j 1

5
The double integral  f ( x, y )dA
R
of f over the rectangle R is
m n

 f ( x, y ) dA  lim   f ( xij* , yij* ) A, if the limit

R m,n   i 1 j 1
exists.
m n

• Double Riemann sum: 

i 1 j 1
f ( xij* , yij* ) A

• Note 1: If f is continuous then the limit exists and the integral

is defined.
• Note 2: The definition of double integral does not depend on
the choice of sample points.
• If the sample points are upper right-hand corners then
m n

 f ( x, y)dA  lim  f ( x , y )A

R m,Dr.
n Rashmi
 i 1 j Rani
1
i j
6
Example
• Let z=16-x2-2y2, where 0≤x≤2
and 0≤y≤2.
• Estimate the volume of the
solid above the square and
below the graph
• Let’s partitioned the volume
in small (mxn) volumes.
• Exact volume: 48.

Dr. Rashmi Rani 7

m=n=4;V≈41.5 m=n=8;V≈44.875 m=n=16;V≈ 46.46875
 Double Integrals: Properties

• Linearity

 [ f ( x, y)  g ( x, y)]dA   f ( x, y)dA   g ( x, y)dA

A A A

 cf ( x, y)dA  c  f ( x, y)dA
A A

• Comparison: If f(x,y)≥g(x,y) for all (x,y) in R, then

 f ( x, y)dA   g ( x, y)dA
A A

• Additivity: If A1 and A2 are non-overlapping regions then

 f ( x, y )dA   f ( x, y )dA   f ( x, y )dA

A1  A2 A1
Dr. Rashmi Rani
A2
8
 Double Integrals: Computation
• If f(x,y) is continuous on rectangle R=[a,b]×[c,d] then the
double integral is equal to the iterated integral

d b b d

 f ( x, y)dA    f ( x, y)dxdy    f ( x, y)dydx

y R c a a c

d
y
fixed fixed
c
x
a x b 9
 Double Integrals: Computation
• Example:
1 1 1
1 
R f ( x , y ) dA  
0 0
( x  y ) dxdy   

00
( x  y ) dx 
dy 

1 2 1 1 1
 ( x  y)   (1  y ) 2  y 2  (1  y ) 2  y 2
    dy    dy   dy
0
2 0 0
2  0
2
1 1 3 1 3 1
(1  y ) 2
y  (1  y )
2
 y  23  1 1
 dy   dy         1
0
2 0
2  6 0  6 0 6 6

10
10
 Double Integrals: Computation (General Case)

• If f(x,y) is continuous on
A={(x,y) | x in [a,b] and h (x) ≤ y ≤ g (x)} then the double
integral is equal to the iterated integral

b g ( x)
y
g(x)  f ( x, y)dA    f ( x, y)dydx
A a h( x)

A
h(x)
x
a x b 11
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 Double Integrals:(General Case)

• Similarly, if f (x,y) is continuous on

A={(x,y) | y in [c,d] and h (y) ≤ x ≤ g (y)} then the double
integral is equal to the iterated integral

d g ( y)

d
y  f ( x, y)dA    f ( x, y)dxdy
R c h( y )
A
y
h(y) g(y)

c x
12
12
Example :
1. Evaluate  (x  3y)dA
D

Where D  {(x, y) | -1  x  1, 2x 2  y  1  x 2 }
Ans :
1 1 x 2
 (x  3y)dA   
D
-1 2x 2
(x  3y)dydx

1 3
  x(1  x 2 - 2x 2 )  ((1  x 2 ) 2 - (2x 2 ) 2 )dx
-1 2
1 3 3
  x  x 3 - 2x 3   3x 2  x 4 - 4x 4 dx
-1 2 2
1 2 1 4 3 3 1 5 1 3 1
 ( x - x  x  x - x )  1-  2
2 4 2 2 -1 2 2

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2. Evaluate  xydA where D is the region bounded by
D

the line y  x - 1 and the parabola y 2  2x  6

Sol :
D  {(x, y) | -3  x  5, ?  y  2x  6}
y2 - 6
 {(x, y) |  x  y  1, - 2  y  4}
2
4 y 1
 xydA   
D
-2
y 2 -6
2
xydxdy  36

14
 Double Integrals: Note

• If f (x, y) = φ (x) ψ(y) then

d b
b  d 

R
f ( x, y )dA     ( x) ( y )dxdy     ( x)dx    ( y )dy 
c a a  c 

• Examples:

 y sin( x)dA,
R
A  [1 / 2,1]  [ / 2,  ]

( x x )2 ( y  y )2
1  
R 2 e 2
e 2
dxdy, R  [, ]  [, ]

15
15
 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
Consider R  {(r,  ) | a  r  b,     

Polar rectangle

16
 Double Integrals:Example1
1. R  {(r,  ) | 0  r  1, 0    2 }
2. R  {(r,  ) | 1  r  3, 0     }
 
3. R  {(r,  ) | 1  r  3,    }
3 2
 
-
The area of R is A(R)  (  32 -  12 ) 2 3
2
1 2 2  
 (3 - 1 )  ( - )
2 2 3
2
 
3

17
4. R ij  {(r,  ) | ri-1  r  ri ,  j-1     j}
The area of R ij - A ij is
1 2 1 2 1
A ij  ri  j - ri-1 j  (ri  ri-1 )(ri - ri-1 ) j
2 2 2
 ri*ri  j
Where ri  ri - ri-1 ,  j   j -  j-1, i  1,  m; j  1,  n
The Riemanu sum of f on R is
m n

 i j i j )A ij
f(r *
cos
i 1 j1
 * *
, r sin  *

m n
  f(ri*cos j* , ri*sin j* )ri*ri  j
i 1 j1
 b


f(rcos , rsin )rdrd
a

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Properties
1. Let R  {(r,  ) | a  r  b,      } be a polar
rectangle and 0   -   2 If f is continuous on R, then
 b
 f(x, y)dA   
R
a
f(rcos , rsin )rdrd

2. Let D  {(r,  ) |      , h1 ( )  r  h 2 ( )} be a polor

region. If f is continuous on D then
 h 2 ( )
 f(x, y)dA   
D
h1 ( )
f(rcos , rsin )rdrd

19
 Examples

1. Evaluate  (4y 2  3x)dA

R

where R  {(x, y) | y  0, 1  x 2  y 2  4}
Sol :
R  {(x, y) | y  0, 1  x 2  y 2  4}
 {(r,  ) | 1  r  2, 0     }
 2
 (4y  3x)dA   
2
(4(rsin ) 2  3rcos )rdrd
0 1
R

  (15sin 2  7cos )d
0

15
 
2

20
2. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane z  0
and the paraboloid z  1 - x 2 - y 2
Sol :
D  {(r,  ) | 0  r  1, 0    2 }
V   (1 - x 2 - y 2 )dA
D
2 1
  (1 - r 2 )rdrd
0 0



2

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 Triple Integrals
Rectangular box :
B  {(x, y, z) | a  x  b, c  y  d, e  z  f}
 [a, b]  [c, d]  [e, f]
Example :
1. B  [0,1]  [1,3]  [0,2]

Definition :
Let B  [a, b]  [c, d]  [e, f] be a rectangular box. [a, b] is divided into
l subintervals [x i-1 , x i ] of equal width x, [c, d]is a divided into m
subintervals [[y j-1 , y j ] of equal width y, [e, f] is a divided into n
subintervals [[z k -1 , z k ] of equal width z
22
1. Bijk  [x i-1 , x i ]  [y j-1 , y j ]  [z k -1 , z k ]
2. The volume of Bijk  v  x  y  z
l m n
3. The triple Riemann sum  f(x ,y , z )v *
ijk
*
ijk
*
ijk
i 1 j1 k 1

4. The triple intergral of f over the box B is

l m n

 f(x, y, z)dv  lim

l,m,n 0
 f(x
i 1 j1 k 1
*
ijk
*
,y , z )v
ijk
*
ijk
B

if this limit exists

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Theorem(Fubini' s Theorem)

If f is continuous on B  [a, b]  [c, d]  [e, f]

f d b
then  f(x, y, z)dv    f(x, y, z)dxdydz
e c a
B

Example :
1. Evaluate  xyz2 dv, where B  [0,1]  [1,2]  [1,2]
B

2. Evaluate  (x  yz)dv, where B  [-1,1] [1,3]  [0,2]

B

3. E  {(x, y, z) | 0  x  1, 0  y  2, x  z  1 - x - y}
How to define  x 2 yzdv  ?
E

24
For a general bounded region E. Consider a rectangular box
 f(x, y, z) if(x, y, z)  E
B  E, and define F(x, y, z)  
0 if(x, y, z)  E
Define  f(x, y, z)dv   F(x, y, z)dv
E B

properties
1. If E  {(x, y, z) | (x, y)  D, 1 (x, y)  z  2 (x, y)}
 2(x,y) 
then  f(x, y, z)dv     f(x, y, z)dz dA
E D
 1(x,y) 
2. If E  {(x, y, z) | a  x  b, g1 (x)  y  g 2 (x), 1 (x, y)  z  2 (x, y)}
b g1(x) 2(x,y)
then  f(x, y, z)dv     f(x, y, z)dzdydx
a g1(x) 1(x, y)
E

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