HOSPITAL

LIBRARY STUDY

SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED TO:
AAKANKSHA GUPTA - 17006
AR. JASBINDER KAUR ASHINA GUPTA – 17013
AR. SONIA MITTAL HARSH ARYA - 17019
AR. GURNAZPREET SINGH KRITIKA BHARGAVA - 17026
AR. RUPINDER KAUR
  HOSPITAL
1. A hospital, also referred to as a medical center
2. It is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and
medical equipment.
3. They serve as first contact point between members of public and health care workers.
4. They provide treatment for and care of patients with wide range of chronic acute conditions.
• There are several things that should be considered in the design of hospital:-
1. Location of building
2. Circulation
3. Effective zoning
4. Privacy
5. Security and Supervision
6. Flexibility and Growth
7. Energy Efficiency and Low cost maintenance
 Controlled
Accessibility circulation
Cleanliness
& sanitation
Security &
safety

Therapeutic
Environment
Energy
savings

Flexibility &
expandability Water & waste
management

Efficiency & HOSPITAL Materials &

cost ATTRIBUTES aesthetics
effectiveness
 OVERALL PLANNING OF HOSPITAL

• 1. LOCATION
A. Site should offer sufficient space for self contained residential areas and hospital departments.
B. It should be on quite location with no possibility of future intrusive development.
C. Adequate area for future expansion.
D. It should be away from heavy noises.

• 2. ORIENTATION
A. Treatment and Operating rooms are preferred in north-west to north-east direction.
B. Some departments in hospital requires placement in north direction so that patients are not
subjected to direct sunlight.
C. Nursing stations/wards or Patients ward are preferred in south or south east as:-
• Pleasant morning sun
• Minimal heat build up
• Little requirement for sun shading
• Mild in evenings
• 3. FORM OF BUILDING
A. Spine form with branching sections
B. Radial arrangement i.e. circulation will be radially outward from the center of the core.
C. Form should go with the proper connectivity of the units.

• 4.EFFECTIVE ARRANGEMENTS
• A. TOP FLOOR- AC plant room, nursing school.
• B. 2nd / 3rd FLOOR- Wards can be provided
• C. 1st FLOOR- Central sterilization unit, surgical area, intensive care, maternity,, children’s
hospital
• D. GROUND FLOOR-Entrance, radiology, medical services, ambulance, entrance for bed ridden,
emergency ward, information center, administration, cafeteria
• E. BASEMENT-Stores, physiotherapy, kitchen, heating and ventilation plant room, radio
therapy, laundry
• F. SUB-BASEMENT- Underground garage, electricity supply
ZONNING OF HOSPITAL
• THE DIFFERENT AREAS OF A HOSPITAL SHALL BE GROUPED ACCORDING TO ZONES AS FOLLOWS:

− OUTER ZONE – areas that are immediately accessible to the public: emergency service, outpatient service, and
administrative service. They shall be located near the entrance of the hospital.
− SECOND ZONE – areas that receive workload from the outer zone: laboratory, pharmacy, and radiology. They shall
be located near the outer zone.
− INNER ZONE – areas that provide nursing care and management of patients: nursing service. They shall be located
in private areas but accessible to guests.
− DEEP ZONE – areas that require asepsis to perform the prescribed services: surgical service, maternity and
intensive care. They shall be segregated from the public areas but accessible to the outer, second and inner zones.
− SERVICE ZONE – areas that provide support to hospital activities: dietary service, housekeeping service,
maintenance and motor pool service, and mortuary. They shall be located in areas away from normal traffic.
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS ZONES
 INTERNAL CIRCULATION
1. Corridors
Must be designed for the max. Expected circulation flow.
• Access corridors must be at least 1.50 m wide.
• Corridors for access by patients and equipment shall have a min. Width of 2.25 m.
• Suspended ceiling in corridors may be installed up to 2.40 m.
• Windows for lighting and ventilation should not be more than 25 m apart.
• Effective width of the corridors must not be constricted by projections, columns or other building
elements.
• Smoke doors must be installed in ward corridors in accordance with local regulations.

Dimensions are in mm.

Minimum width of corridors
2. Doors
Door must be designed keeping the hygiene requirements in mind.
• Surface coating must withstand the long term action of cleaning agents and disinfectants.
• Designed to prevent the transmission of sound, odour and draughts.
• All doors provided in hospital must be swing doors for easy access.
• The clear height of doors depends on their type and function-
(1) normal doors: 2.10- 2.20 m
(2) vehicle entrances, oversized doors: 2.50 m
(3) transport entrances: 2.70 - 2.80 m
(4) min. Height on approach roads: 3.50 m
3. Stairs
Must be designed in such a way that if necessary they can accommodate all of the vertical circulation
• Should consist four flights and three landings between finished floor levels.
• Finishing material should not be slippery
• Handrails must be provided on both sides at a height of 1000 mm.
• The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall
be 2.2 m
• Winding staircase should be avoided for main access.
• Doors must not constrict the useful width of the landings and, in accordance with hospital
regulations, doors to the staircases must open in the direction of escape.
• Effective width: 1.5-2.5 m
.Riser: 170 mm
Tread: 280 mm.
• Riser/tread ratio of 150:300 is preferable.
4. Ramps
• A ramp when provided shall not have a slope greater than 1:12.
• Larger slope shall be provided for special uses but in no case greater than: 8.·
• Minimum clear width shall be 36" (3 feet), in the basement using car parking shall be 6.0 mt
• Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the ramp.
• Ramps shall have level landings at bottom and top of each ramp and each ramp run.
• If ramps change direction at landings, the minimum landing size shall be 60 inches by 60 inches .
• A ramp shall have a nonslip surface.
5. LIFTS
• Transports people, medicines, laundry, meals, hospital beds/stretchers, etc.
• At least two lifts for transporting beds/stretchers must be provided.
• One multipurpose lift should be provided per 100 beds, with a minimum of two for smaller hospitals.
• A min. Of two smaller lifts for portable equipment staff and visitors
• Clear dimensions of lift car: 0.90 x 1.20 m
• Clear dimensions of shaft-1.25 x 150 m
• Internal surfaces must be smooth washable and easy to disinfect, the floor must be non-slip.
• Lift shafts must be fire resistant
DIAGONISTIC FACILITIES
DEFINATION:-
Diagnostic facility is defined as “a facility, place or office principally equipped for prescribed diagnostic
services, studies or procedures, and includes any branches of a diagnostic facility.”
For quick diagnosis of blood, urine, etc, a small work room facilities should be provided close to
injection room with all essential requirements.

TYPES:-
1. LABORATORIES
A. Chemical Lab
B. Bacteriology Lab
C. Histology Lab
D. Pathology Lab
E. Serology Lab
F. Hematology Lab
G. Microbiology Lab
2. RADIOLOGY UNIT
A. X-Ray Rooms
B. Endoscopy Rooms
Laboratories:
Parts and components of the division:
• Work area.
• Waiting area.
• Sample room.
• Cleaning room.
• Staff offices.
LOCATION:
• Very close to the emergency department and external clinics.
• Easily accessible from internal division.
• Easily accessible from maternity and surgery departments.
• Accessibility from central storages
RADIOLOGY DIVISION:
Parts and components of the division:
• X-ray rooms.
• Control room.
• Waiting area.
• Staff office.
• Utility room.
• Dark room.
• Film view.
• Store.

LOCATION:
• Very close to the emergency department
and external clinics.
• Easily accessible from internal division.
• Ground floor is preferred.
  GENERAL STORAGES: AREA OF THE DEPARTMENT:
1. U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS):
•100 bed hospital area = 260 m2
• Medicine storage. •200 bed hospital area = 520 m2
• Furniture storage. Generally the area of the storages is 2-2.6m2 /bed.
• Food storage.
• Utilities storage.
• Achieve.
• General storages

LOCATION:

• In the ground floor.

• Close to housekeeping and dietary division.
• Direct access to the service entrance.
 CONNECTIVITY:
•Services should be placed as such so that it is
accessible to all blocks like admin, diagnostic
and treatment , research.

•Separate entry and exit would provide

smooth movement of people in the hospital.

•Waiting area must be provided.

•O.P.D. Should be directly connected to enquiry area.

•Pharmacy , waiting area and O.P. D . Should have

direct connection.

•Emergency services must have separate entry and

easily approachable.
CAMPUS DEVELPOMENT:

• Hospital sites with high degree of sensitivity to outside noise should be avoided.
• The hospital should have accessibility and availability of all services.
• The building should be planned in a way that the sensitive areas like wards,
consulting, treatment rooms and operation theatres are placed away from the
outside source of noise.
• While planning hospital building the importance of landscape elements such as open
areas and horticulture are to be considered to increase the comfort.
• Availability of civic amenities like water, sewer, electricity lines etc.
• Easy accessibility.
• Size of the site should be large enough to meet the requirements of parking, access
roads & future expansion.
• It should be away from industries, noisy high traffic areas or waste dumping sites.
MATERNITY OPERATIONS BLOOD BANK

RADIOLOGY
OPD IPD ED

PATHALOGY

PATIENT CARE AND TREATMENT DIAGNOSTICS

HOSPITAL

ADMINISTRATION GENERAL SERVICES

RECORDS ACCOUNTS
MORTUARY

RELATIVES INN
ADMITTING
LIBRARY &
CONFERENCE CAFETERIA

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION &

HOSEKEEPING
SECURITY
SHOPS
• The most suitable orientation for treatment and operating rooms is
between north-west and north-east.
• For nursing ward facades, south to south-east is favorable.
• Some specialist disciplines might require rooms on the north side so that
patients are not subjected to direct sunlight
• Maximum use of natural light, solar energy and green power can lead to
plenty of energy being saved.

• Construction of the building should be aligned at an angle

to the sun .
• The major orientation of the building to face north and
south maximizes use of natural light.
• Shades on the south side, block unwanted direct sunlight
while reflecting light onto the ceiling of the interior. This
in turn will lead to proper lighting, heating-cooling and
ventilation process of a hospital.
• Courtyards increase access to air movement and daylight.
Windows must be located in such a manner so as to
ensure ventilation, and increase access to natural light,
which will reduce heat.

SITE PLAN GMCH SECT. 32,CHANDIGARH

  LANDSCAPING:
Persons exposed to plants have higher level of positive feeling, as opposed to negative feelings.
Landscaping hospitals and other health care facilities should include shade, tranquillity, and the opportunity to
connect with nature.
Patients appreciate green space and gardens as they heal, health care workers benefit from beautiful, well tended
grounds too.
NECESSITY:
• Reduces stress and irritation
• 5-7 mins in nature or viewing natural scene:
a) Reduce physiological indicators of stress
b) Improve mood
c) Aid in healing
• Tie together a variety of buildings - by functions , style ,or age into a campus like setting .
GUIDE FOR PLANTATION OF SHRUBS, TRESS, GREENERY:
• The norms for plantation of shrubs, tress, and other greeneries for educational occupancies should be:
• 125 trees per. Hectare.
• 50% of the permissible open space for greenery.
PAVER BLOCKS:
• Guiding blocks or tactile ground surface indicators assist the blind visually impair with their orientation and alert of
pending facades.
• Guiding blocks have a specific functions and impart specific information about immediate surroundings.
 Dot type block or warning
indicator

Line type block or directional

indicator

• We can use screening trees .

• medicinal plants and trees can also be used in hospital
landscape.
• Plant which provide more oxygen should preferably be used
in the hospital landscaping.
• Walkway should be given so that relatives of patients can
spend their time and get relaxed here.
  PARKING:
• Parking should be near the emergency block.
• It should be easily accessible.
• Separate parking should be given for ambulances.
• ‘Triage area’ should be near to both parking and emergency ward.
• A typical inner turning radius of a standard ambulance is 25’ which is required to clear the curb.

• The most suitable orientation for treatment and operating rooms is between north-west and north-
east.
• For nursing ward facades, south to south-east is favorable.
• Some specialist disciplines might require rooms on the north side so that patients are not subjected
to direct sunlight
• Maximum use of natural light, solar energy and green power can lead to plenty of energy being
saved.
• Construction of the building should be aligned at an angle to the sun
• The major orientation of the building to face north and south maximizes use of natural light.
• Shades on the south side, block unwanted direct sunlight while reflecting light onto the ceiling of the
interior. This in turn will lead to proper lighting, heating-cooling and ventilation process of a hospital.
• Courtyards increase access to air movement and daylight. Windows must be located in such a manner
so as to ensure ventilation, and increase access to natural light, which will reduce heat.
VAN-ACCESSIBLE SPACE
DESIGN • Special consideration should be given to
the needs of disabled people concerning
the no. of designated spaces, their
location and the pedestrian routes to
these spaces. Spaces should not be
provided where gradients exceed 5%.
• Spaces should be 2.4m wide plus min. of
.9m wide cross hatched strip to facilitate
the transfer of wheelchair passengers.
 EXTERNAL CIRCULATION:
• There should be four separate entrances to a hospital though smaller hospitals can do with less:
− Outpatient entrance
− Emergency entrance
− Service entrance
• Emergency entry should be through the main roads without any interruption in between for the easy
access of ambulance to the emergency block.
• OPD entrance is the general entry used by both OPD and IPD patients. It can be from main road or
from inner roads.
• The service entry should be from away from the sight of the patients and the visitors. It should be
adjacent to the kitchen and storage area.
• Additional entrances are avoided as it increases cost of design, access roads and walks.
SERVICE
ENTRANCE

OUTPATIENT HOSPITAL EMERGENCY

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE ENTRANCE
EXTERNAL TRAFFIC CONTROL:
 • HVAC system design
• Supply of medical gases and LPG
• Boilers and steam generators
• Electrical system
• Fire detection and fire fighting
• Sanitation and public health engineering
• Water supply system
• Data cable networking for computers ,
communications ,etc.
• Water pollution control
• Solid waste management

SOLID WASTE FIRE DETECTION AND FIRE

MANAGEMENT FIGHTING
DATA CABLE WATER POLLUTION
NETWORKING CONTROL

SUPPLY OF MEDICAL GASES

WATER SUPPLY & LPG
SYSTEM

SANITATION AND
PUBLIC HEALTH
BOILERS & ENGINEERING
STEAM
GENERATORS

HVAC HOSPITAL ELECTRICAL

SYSTEM SERVICES SYSTEM
DESIGN
 SERVICES:

•BUILDING MAINTENANCE
•HORTICULTURE
•WATER SUPPLY AND PLUMBING: NORMAL, HARD, FILTERED AND SOFT WATER
•DRAINAGE AND SANITATION

•AIR CONDITIONING: AIR COOLING AND HEATING.

•REFRIGERATION: COLD STORAGE, WATER COOLER, DEEP FREEZERS

•ILLUMINATION: GENERAL,EMERGENCY LIGHTING, VOLTAGE STABILIZER, ETC.

•VENTILATION: CEILING FANS, TABLE FANS, ETC.

MISCELLANEOUS SERVICE DEPARTMENT

•GAS SUPPLY: MEDICAL, LABORATORY GAS, ETC.
•TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION: RAMP, LIFT, ETC.
•FIRE PROTECTION
•WASTE DISPOSAL
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT:
 WATER SUPPLY

FILTERED & SOFT COLD WATER

NORMAL WATER HOT WATER
WATER

• WARDS • CENTRALISED HOT

• LAUNDRY • FILM
WATER • PATHALOGY
• WARDS DEVELOPMENT
LAB
• DRINKING ROOM
• KITCHEN
•THE THICKNESS OF
SHEET OF FABRICATION
OF RECTANGULAR
DUCTWORK SHALL BE AS
UNDER. THE THICKNESS
REQUIRED
CORRESPONDING TO THE
LONGEST SIDE OF THE
RECTANGULAR SECTION
SHALL BE APPLICABLE
FOR ALL THE FOUR SIDES
OF DUCTWORK.
•CIRCULAR DUCTS,
WHERE PROVIDED SHALL
BE OF THICKNESS AS
SPECIFIED IN IS:655
 FIRE PROTECTION

•Every fire exit shall at 30m of travel distance.

•Fully sprinkled building should be increased by 50%.
•120min of fire resistance.
•No cables, gas tubes shall be hanging on ceiling of staircase.
•All electrical cables, gas tubes shall be covered in shafts.
•The pressure difference for staircase shall be 50pascal.
•8 passenger lift shall be provided for building of above15m high.
•Min. Width of exit doorways should not less than 1m.
•10,000 underground water tanks up to 750 sq.M. And 10,000 for every additional 250 sq.M. Is
required.
•20,ooo ltr. Overhead water tank is required.
•Co2 is used in electric fire where water can not be used. Foam is formed with soda ash.
•Smoke detector used when temperature rises between 0-38degree Celsius.
•Sprinklers must be used in basements if any room is exceeding 500
Medical Gas Pipeline System (MGPS))

• COLOR CODES
• ROVIED PIPELINES
• NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) = BLUE COLOR.
• MEDICAL VACCUMM = YELLOW COLOR.
• CARBON DI OXIDE = GREY COLOR
 •Oxygen = white colored pipes.
•Nitrous oxide = blue colored pipes.
•Medical air(4 bar) = white/ selmon pink colored pipes.
•Medical air(7 bar) = black/white colored pipes.
•Medical vacuum = yellow colored pipes.
•Carbon di oxide = grey colored pipes.
•Nitrogen = black/green colored pipes.

•In case of breakdown of oxygen and nitrous

oxide an emergency kit ensures supply of gas
through the pipes.

•Emergency kit comprises a regulator and tubing

to a bulk cylinder.

•The gas is fed directly to the pipeline through a

service outlet.
•Lobby area must be 5-6 sq.M. Per elevator on the upper floors.
•Lobby area must be 15-20 sq.M. Per elevator on the ground floor.
•Both manual and automatic operations should be operated with the lifts.
•Bed lifts shall provided in accurate number.
 FOOD AND SERVICE DEPARTMENT

•The dietary division of a hospital has 3 major components: planning & management of hospital diet , diet
counselling , dietary education.
•The physical facilities are divided in 2 components: peripheral component ( collection of diet , distribution
of diet ) and central component ( office area , cooking area , cold storage , etc.)
  WASTE DISPOSAL
• Waste should be handled properly at time of production.

• Solid waste should be sterilized at the nearest point for easy transportation of waste to point of final
disposal.

• 2 types of incinerators can be used:

 OIL/GAS FUEL INCINERATOR

 ELECTRIC INCINERATOR

• Incinerators create a lot of heat , sound , fumes and it will be economical to keep it separate from other
areas or else a high chimney should be provided.

• Labelling of waste should be done to avoid accidental tampering or contact with waste materials ,
through ignorance of its presence and/or health hazards.

• Hospital wastes need to be collected and treated within 48 hours from the time of generation.

• Segregation of hospital waste from domestic waste should be done.

Colour Waste Example of waste Category Placing

Green Non Kitchen waste, paper, office waste, At all bedside and near all
infectious waste from transportation yards, domestic the locations of red bins in
construction and demolition waste, hospital.
scrap metal and the like.

Yellow infectious Tissues, organs, body parts biopsy, Waste Within ward/examination
animal carcasses, blood and body fluids Category1 or operating rooms
and the like

Red infectious Tubings, catheters, IV sets,isolation Waste Within ward/examination

waste from infectious diseases such as Category 3, or operating rooms.
cultures and the 6&7
like.

Blue/White infectious Needles, infusion set, scalpels, Waste Within ward/examination

blades, broken glass and like
Black infectious Discarded medicines and
cytoloxic drugs, chemical waste
category 4 or operating rooms.
Waste Within ward/examination
category 5 or operating rooms,
& pathological labs.
10
  O.P.D (OUT PATIENT DIVISION)

• DEFINITION
• OPD is defined as a part of the hospital with allotted physical facilities and medical and other staffs , with regulatory scheduled
hours , to provide care for patients who are not registered as inpatient.
• A hospital department where patients receive diagnosis or treatment but do not stay overnight.

LOCATION

Should be located on the ground floor preferably.

Should be closed to services such as registration and medical records, admitting, emergency and social service.
Close to the pharmacy
 Should have a separate entrance and adequate parking facilities.
 OBJECTIVES: FUNCTIONS:

SPECIALISTS MODERN REFERAL FOR

Modern Facilities for total CONSULTATION INVES.FACILITY ADMISSION
Techniques for patient
investigation satisfaction
and treatment

Provide quality Good public MEDICAL FOLLOW UP

of care STATISTICS OPD CARE &REHAB.
relation

OBJECTIVE
S
TRAINING OF PREVENTIVE & HEALTH
MEDICAL PROMOTIVE EDUCATION
STUDENTS SERVICES
A well designed and well organized OPD can be high
revenue generating area of the hospital.
  TYPES OF O.P.D

ON THE BASIS OF SERVICES:

1- CENTRALISED OUTPATIENTS SERVICES- All the services are provided in a compact area which includes all
diagnostic and therapeutics facilities being provided in same place.

2- DECENTRALIZED OUTPATIENTS SERVICES- services are provided in the respective departments

ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF PATIENTS:

1- GENERAL OUT PATIENT- All the patients other than emergencies who report directly to the OPD.

2- EMERGENCY OUT PATIENT- A person given emergency medical care for condition which is real or perceived
emergency.

3- REFFERED OUT PATIENT- A person referred to an OPD by his/her attending medical/dental practitioner for
specific diagnostic/treatment procedure.
  KEY PLANNING AND DESIGN PARAMTERS

 Readily accessible from main entrance of hospital so that people should not have to
pass through wards.
 Proper signage should be provided.
 For more convenient for patients, the staffs and community,
 Close to diagnostic services (x-rays, laboratory, blood bank etc.) and pharmacy.
 1-2 WCs for every 100 patients attending OPD and 1 urinal for every 50 patients
must be provided. Toilets for staff should also be separate from those of patients.
 Waiting area- space recommended is 0.8sqm/patient
 Entrance should be near the reception.
 Design should cater for future expansion.

SIZE OF OPD:
Recommendations a/c to BIS-
For entrance zone-2sqm/bed
Ambulatory zone – 10sqm/bed
Diagnostic zone – 6sqm/bed
Total hospital area – 60sqm/bed
 O.P.D PROCESS

ISSUE OF TOKEN
ARRIVAL AT OPD RECEPTION REGISTRATION NUMBER

INVESTIGATIONS WAITING ROOM

CONSULTATION WITH
REFFERAL TO SPECIAL
DOCTOR

ISSUANCE OF MEDICAL
CHIT

COLLECTION OF
DEPARTURE PHARMACY
MEDICINES
  ORGANIZATIONAL COMPONENTS OF OPD

CENTRAL TO
MEDICAL ORGANIZATION
STAFF

REGISTERED
NURSING NURSES,ANMs AND
4 MAJOR STAFF NURSING AIDS
ORGANIZATIO
-NAL
RADIOLOGY,
COMPONENT ANCILLARY LABORATORY,ECG,
S STAFF TECHNICIANS

CARRIES OUT
CLERICAL REGISTRATION,BILLING,RECEIVING
STAFF CASH,MEDICAL RECORDS
FUNCTIONS
  circulation in o.p.d

REGISTRATION
WAITING RECEPTION RECORDS,SHOP ENTRANCE
S ETC

CONSULTING OPERATING
AND THEATRE
EXAMINATION SUITES
ROOM DAYROOM MEDICO-
SOCIAL WAITING
DEPT.

DISPENSA
X RAY ,PATHOLOGY ETC WAITING
RY
  physical facilities

• It includes:
 CLINICAL AREA
 AUXILIARY AREA
 ADMINISTRATIVE AREA
 ANCILLIARY AREA
 CIRCULATION AREA
 PUBLIC AREAS
 physical facilities
DIAGNOSIS
FACILITIES
Clinical area:

Parts and components of the division: PHARMACY

 Consultation room
 Examination room TREATMENT
ROOM CONSULTATION
 Treatment room ROOM
 Waiting area
 Staff room
 WCs EXAMINATION
ROOM

location:
 Close to the main entrance of the hospital.
SOCIAL SERVICE ADMINISTRATION
 Close to the diagnostic services.
 Close to the pharmacy. RECORD
WAITING TOILET
ROOM

OUT PATIENT ENTRANCE

  CLINICAL FACILITIES:

 Sub waiting area- should be 1/3rd of total patients visiting clinic per day.
 Consultation room- space for doctor’s chair, patient’s stool, follower seat, wash basin, examination couch and
equipment for examination.
Area- 15-17sq.m and each clinic should handle 100 cases per day.
 General purpose examination room – min. floor area 7.43sq.m,excluding vestibules, toilets, closets, etc.. Wash
basin and counter top for writing.
 Special purpose examination rooms- for specialty clinics such as eye(dark room required),ear,nose,throat,-
facilities as required for special procedures and equipment. Wash basin, counter top, etc.
 Treatment room for minor procedures and cast work.
 Nurses station should be located in a centralized area of 25-30sqm
 Sterilizing facilities.
 Wheelchair storage space out of the direct line of traffic.
  physical facilities
CENTRAL X FRAY
COLLECTION ULTRASOUND

auxiliary area:
PHYSIOTHERAPY
 Parts and components of the division:
ECG ROOM
AUXILLAR
 Central collection
Y AREA
 Physiotherapy
 Diet counselling nutrition MEDICAL SOCIAL
 ECG room WORKER
 Health education and counselling HEALTH
DIET EDUCATION &
COUNSELLING COUNCELLING
NUTRITION
  physical facilities

• administrative area:
Parts and components of the division: ENTRANCE
 Reception hall.
 Waiting area.
 Registration.
 Treasury and Accounts.
 Staff offices.
Other External
 General manager office. ADMIN
service clinics
 Staff lounge.
 Nursing head office.
 WCs

location:
internal service
 Close to the main entrance of the hospital.
 Entrance area, registration, accounts should face the entrance,
while the manager office should be back for privacy. The functional relation b/w admin.
 physical facilities

ancillary area:
INJECTION ROOM DRESSING ROOM

• INJECTION ROOM
 Should be with waiting area for 10-12 patients
with 0.6-0.8 sq. m /patient. ANCILLARY
• DRESSING ROOM AREA

 About 12-16 sq. mt.

• PHARMACY
 Should accommodate 5% of total clinical visits PHARMACY
to OPD in one session. FAMILY PLANNING
IMMUNIZATION
 INJECTION ROOM & DRESSING ROOM
  physical facilities

PUBLIC AREA:

ENTRANCE WIDE RECEPTION &

RAMPS & STEPS INFORMATION

REGISTRATION
DRINKING WATER
PUBLIC COUNTER
AREA
TOILETS &
SNACK BAR
WASH

WAITING AREA PORTER

(0.1SQ.M/PATIENT) SERVICE
LAYOUT OF OPD FOR 200 BED HOSPITAL
  I.P.D (IN PATIENT DIVISION)

• introduction

 Patient stay at hospital for day or more are considered IPD case.
 IPD patients are unstable or patients who need special medical attention.
 IPD consist of a wards with NURSING STATION, BEDS, and ALL OTHER FACILITY
& SERVICES necessary for good patient care.
 It is one of the important aspects of hospital as every ratios and calculation for
hospital planning and designing process is based upon the no. of bed it consists.
  LOCATION:

 Should be at the backside of hospital complex to avoid traffic flow and congestion.
 Have depict access from OPD and EMERGENCY and OT.
 Single door entrance to ward complex to restrict the traffic and visitors.
 Good intramural transportation systems like wide corridors , lifts etc.

 The IDP forms 33%-50% of the structure of hospital. Most of the equipment and staffs are
in this department with maximum amount of patient care, training , medical teaching and
research concentrated in this department.
  WARDS:

• In-patients unit, that is ward, concept is fast changing due to policy of early ambulation and in fact only a
few patients really need to be in the bed. Nursing care should fall under the following categories:
a) General wards - wards of traditional type of patients who are not critically ill but need continuous care or
observation and have to be in bed. These includes wards for medical, surgical ENT and eye disciplines.
b) Ward for specialities - wards for patients who are suffering and needs hospitalization in particular
specialities like post operation, orthopaedic, paediatric, psychiatry, infection, skin, obstetrics and
gynaecology, etc.
c) Intensive care unit - wards for acute coronary, post-operative and critically ill patients. The basic
consideration in placing wards is to ensure sufficient nursing care, segregating patients according to three
categories, locating them according to the needs of treatment in respective medical discipline and
checking cross infection.
  COMPONENTS OF WARD UNIT:

PRIMARY ANCILLARY AUXILIARY SANITARY

ACCOMOD- ACCOMO- ACCOMO- ACCOMO-
ATION DATION DATION DATION

Primary area bed

 PRIMARY ACCOMODATION: It consists of single bedroom or multiple

bedroom for patients and a nursing station.
Anciliary Nursing Sanitary
 ANCILLARY ACCOMODATION: Service for direct support of treatment. Ex-
&
PORTABLEX-RAY,SIDE LAB,PANTRY,DIETICIAN SERVICEIN station 8m area
WARD,PHARMACY. auxiliary
area
 AUXILIARY ACCOMODATION: Service in indirect support of treatment. Ex-
store ,housekeeping, doctor’s room, nurses room, seminar- teaching room.
 SANITARY ACCOMODATION: Consists of WC, BATHROOM, JANITOR’S
ROOM, SLUICE ROOM. Enter
35m
  Planning of a ward unit:

 In planning a ward, the aim should be to minimize the work of the nursing staff and provide basic amenities to the
patients within the unit. The distances to be travelled by a nurse from bed areas to treatment room, pantry, etc.,
Should be kept to be minimum.
 Normally, a ward unit shall comprise 24 to 36 beds, unless small strength wards are needed for specific reasons in
multiple beds and isolation unit.
 An area of 7sq.M per bed is recommended, and should be arranged with a minimum distance of 2.25 m between
centres of two beds and a clearance of minimum 200 mm between the bed and wall
 . The space should accommodate a patient bed and a bedside locker. Separate ward units shall be provided for
male and female patients for each medical discipline. In wards the width of doors shall not be less than 1.2 m and
all wards should have dado to a height of 1.2 m.
 In hospitals of category c, d and e few single and two bedded units may be provided for patients on the basis of
hotel type accommodation with independent toilet facility. Area recommended for these rooms is 14 and 21 sq.
Respectively.
 WARD ARRANGEMENT:
  STANDARD SIZE:

• The size of the ward depends on-

 Type of patient to be served
A. CRITICAL CARE UNITS like ICU ,CCU, POST OP have small wards where constant attention is required 20-
30 beds.
B. PATIENT REQUIRING FREQUENT ATTENTION –Intermediate ward size 40-50beds.
C. FOR CHRONIC LONG DURATION STAY PATIENTS – size may be 70-90 beds.
D. Positioning of nursing station i.e. central,lateral
E. Close or open ward.
  WARD DESIGNING
The objective of ward designing is to facilitate the nursing staff to observe each patient and
keep a watch on them.

Open ward or nightingale: unilateral

rig’s ward
i. The beds either surround the nursing station or on either bilateral
side.
ii. Toilets at one end and duty & treatment room on other i. Separated by low partitions to different cubilcles of 4-6
end. beds.
iii. Good visibility , better ventilation. ii. These beds may be on one side or on both sides of
iv. Economical & easy to construct. nursing station.

v. Disadvantages: iii. The beds can be arranged in X shape or Z shape with

nursing station at centre.
• Noisy & lack of privacy
iv. Disadvantages:
• Space b/w beds reduced
• Communication b/w nurse and patient hampers.
• Chances of cross infection
• Direct observation not possible.
• Fatigue of nurses.
• Wards becomes longer.
• More staff required.
  NIGHTINGALE WARD:

• It is a type of ward which contains large rooms without subdivisions for patient occupancy. Nightingale wards
contain about 24-34 beds usually arranged along the sides of the ward.

In open ward width should be 20ft.

• Bed area-70sq ft
• Space b/w two row beds-5ft
• Space b/w 2 beds-3’6” to 4’
• Clearance of bed head from wall is 1ft and from other
bed is 2ft
• Size of each bed – 6’6” X 3 ¼ ft
  RIG’S WARD:

• It may be divided into various cubicles as patient requirements.

• Room single bed -120sq.ft
• Room double bed – 160sq.ft
• Room 4 bedded – 320sq.ft
• Room 6 bedded – 400sq.ft
• Room ICU bed – 125-150sq.ft
  o.T (operation theatre)

• GENERAL - Operating suite is technically a therapeutic aid in which a team of surgeons, anaesthetists, nurses and sometime
pathologists and radiologists operate upon or care for the patients. For optimum utilization of the operating units, the
operation theatres, as a rule, should not be reserved rigidly for use by a particular department. The operation theatres should
further be similar in design and character to make it easy for all surgeons and nurses to use them without the necessity of
familiarizing themselves every time with a new set of conditions.

• LOCATION - The location of the department should be decided

• on the following factors:
a) Quiet environment;
b) Freedom from noise and other disturbances;
c) Freedom from contamination and possible cross infection;
d) Maximum protection from solar radiation; and
e) Convenient relationship with surgical ward, intensive care unit,
• radiology, pathology, blood bank and CSSD.
• CIRCULATION - Normally there are three types of traffic flow,
namely ( a ) patients, (b) staff, and (c) supplies. All these should be
properly channelized.

1.Patients - Patients are brought from the ward and should not cross the
transfer area in their ward clothing which is a great source of infection.
Change-over of trolleys should be effected at a place which will link up
both pre-anaesthesia and recovery rooms.

2.Staff- The doctors, nurses, technicians and class IV staff should cuter
from a separate route and through a set of change rooms and through an
air lock. They should communicate with the sterile corridor. A shoe
change and gowning space near the air lock should also be provided.

3.Supplies - All sterile goods should have a separate entry point reaching
the clean corridor independently, soiled material should be taken out by
the exit only.

• ORIENTATION - The primary consideration should

be to ensure glare free natural light which will also
reduce the radiation of heat. Good natural light and
ventilation is of added advantage.
 Types of ot ZONES IN OT:

 BASED ON STERRILITY:  Zones in the OT is based on sterility

 Ultra sterile  Sterile/ultra sterile
 Sterile
 Clean
 Septic
 BASED ON CONSTRUCTION:  Protected
 Modular  disposal
 Non modular
 BASED ON TIMING OF SURVEY:
 Routine
 emergency
  ZONES IN OT:

CLEAN ZONE
 STERILIZATION AREA
 STORE AREA

• Sterile zone


PREOPERATIVE AREA
POST OPERATIVE RECOVERY
AREA
 Operating suite
 OT STAFF & DOCTOR’S ROOMS
 Sterile preparation area
 Scrub station
 Gowning area
 Anesthesia induction area

PROTECTIVE ZONE

DISPOSAL ROOM 
CHANGING ROOMS
RECEPTION AREA
 DIRTY UTILITY AREA  WAITING AREA
 DISPOSAL CORRIDOR  TROLLEY BAY
  OT SUITE REQUIREMENTS:

 CENTRAL AC: 20-22 centigrade

 HUMIDITY: 50-60%
 Positive pressure ventilation
 Air change- 20times/ hr with recycled air; of which 5 times with fresh air
 LAMINAR – air flow through diffuser
 GENERAL LIGHTING- cold light, even distribution, varying intensity
 OPERATING LIGHT – Ceiling mounted, cold light, shadow less focusable beam
 MEDICAL GAS PIPELINE- Anesthesia gas, air, oxygen & suction
 POWER SUPPLY- Uninterrupted and generator back up
 FIRE SAFETY – Fire/smoke detectors. Fire hydrants & extinguishers
 POWER SWITCHES- away from operating area.
 OT DOORS – Wide doors: sound proof, non reflective surface, radiation resistant , fire resistant
sliding door , Glass cut out for visibility
  FLOOR/ WALL/ CEILING:

 FLOOR:
 Non slippery , antistatic , non reflective, non porous, water , strain and fire resistant.
 Seamless
 WALLS:
 Same quality as the floor
 Seamless
 Usually stainless steel
 CEILING:
 Same quality as floor
 Usually stainless steel
 Diffuser for laminar air flow
 Mounting for lights
Ceiling vents of laminar flow system
 Operating room
SCRUB ROOM (theatre)

 For hand  Focal point of surgical

washing process
(surgical scrub) ,  1 OT/ 50bed is
gowning & recommended for large
gloving of hospitals
surgical team  They should be major
and minor in size

Prep/ ANAESTHETIC ROOM

instrument
room  Placed very close to OT
 Induction of anesthesia
 Enough space for storing
 Storage of anesthesia equipment ,
instruments & medicines & gases
supplies.
 Prep. Of operation
sets
  CSSD (CENTRAL STERILIZATION AND SUPPLY DEPT.

•GENERAL - Sterilization, being one of the most essential services in a hospital,

requires the utmost consideration in planning. Centralization increases efficiency,
results in economy in the use of equipment and ensures better supervision and control.
The materials and equipment's dealt in CSSD should fall under three categories;
(a)
Those related to the operation theatre department,
(b)
Common to operating and other departments, and
(c)
Pertaining to other departments alone.
•Despite of the advancement, hospital acquired infection remains the hospital’s single
most serious concern that negated some of its otherwise good work.
1.This method basically involves cleaning, disinfecting and sterilizing before use all
instruments, materials and equipment utilized in patient care.
2.Is performed by heating them with pressurized steam of by gas sterilization.
3.Carrying out the process of decontamination or disinfection prior to sterilizing.
4.Packing all materials for sterilizing, Sterilizing, Labelling and dating materials, Storing
and controlling inventory, Issuing and distributing
5.Accessibility to elevators, dumbwaiters and stairs is of utmost importance.
  CSSD (CENTRAL STERILIZATION AND SUPPLY DEPT.

• LOCATION - Since the operation theatre department

is the major consumer of this service, it is recommended to
locate the department at a central position but at an easy
access to operation theatre department. In hospital of
category A and B this may be an element of the operation
theatre department.

• Space Requirements - The facilities should be

provided for the following functions to be carried out in the unit:
a) Administration and unsterile storage,
b) Reception and cleaning of used and unsterile material and
assembling pack,
c) Sterilizing area, and
d) Storage and issue of sterile supplies
 Flow chart of surgical unit
LIBRARY STUDY ON….

 EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

• Emergency has been defined as a

condition determined clinically or
requiring urgent medical
services, failing which, it could
result in loss of life or limb - WHO
 functions

• Provisions of immediate & correct life saving treatment at all times and for all situations
• ambulance service
• Collection of casualties
•  It is the healthcare entry point responsible for receiving, sorting, assessing, stabilizing, and managing patients arriving at
its door with different degrees of urgency and complexity.
• To function 24 hrs x 7 days/ 365 days
• Liaise with courts and police in MLC
• Relation with Ext hospitals
  LOCATION

• The emergency department should be located on the

ground floor with easy access for patients and ambulances
with proper light and sign boards.
• There should be a separate entrance to the department,
which is away from the main hospital and the outpatient
entrances.
• Since the emergency department becomes the main
entrance for the hospital at night, it must relate to public
and vehicular transportation.

• Very close to the radiology department .

• Close to the pharmacy, laboratories, blood bank and central

sterilization.

• Direct access to the stairs and elevators.

 PARTS AND COMPONENTS OF THE
DIVISION

• Entrance + waiting area

• Registration
• Staff Room
• Mini-surgery
• Test Room
• Medical utilities
• Mini sterilization Room

 TREATMENT FACILITIES:-
• Patients' observation room.
• Treatment cubicles.
• Examination rooms.
• Trauma rooms (if required).
• Critical care rooms.
 CONNECTIVITY
 PATIENT AREA CONNECTIVITY

POLICE
ENTRANCE AMBULANCE IN
POST

WAITING AREA TROLLEY BAY

Sitting, Water, PATIENT AREA
Toilet

SNACKS POTTER
BAR SERVICE
TRIAGE AREA

PHARMACY WAITING
PATIENTS

REGISTRATION RECEPTION
 CLININCAL AREA CONNECTIVITY

EXAMINATION TREATMENT
AREA O.T
AREA

STORAGE MLC RECORD

DRESSING
AREA ROOM

INVESTIGATION
AREA CLINICAL
PLASTER ROOM

NURSE DESK
DOCTOR DESK
BURN WARD
EMERGENCY WARD
(Observation)
RESUSCITATION
AREA
 ADMINISTRATION AREA CONNECTIVITY

ECRO OFFICE CLERICAL STAFF

PRO
ADMIN AREA REGISTERS &
RECORDS

NURSE INCHARGE

HOD CASUALTY
STORE
CIRCULATION AREA CONNECTIVITY

CORRIDOORS RAMPS STAIRS

CIRCULATION

TROLLEY LIFTS
  Design details, planning & layout

 Entrance detail  PORTICO:

SPACE FOR
WEATHER STRETCHER
• Separate from main hospital entrance. PROTECTION
• Should be well marked & illuminated.
• It should open into spacious lobby.
• Porch outside the lobby to protect the unloading of
the patients from rain & sunlight.
• Approach to lobby should be in the form of ramp &
steps.

AMBULANCE

ALL ARE IN ‘M’

 ABULANCE BAY:
• The bay for 2 Nos of ambulance.

ALL ARE IN ‘M’

 Circulation detail :
 CORRIDORS :
•Corridors provide patient, relative and staff
access to all parts of the Emergency
Department, as well as access to service areas
of the Emergency Department, to storage, and
access to equipment that is needed frequently
or urgently.
ALL ARE IN ‘mm’
• Clinical areas - the minimum must be to allow
2 trolleys/wheelchairs to pass easily with WIDTH FOR WHEEL CHAIR MOVEMENT
associated equipment e.g. IV stands. A
minimum width of 3m is recommended.

STAIRCASE & RAMP DETAIL :

• Width of the stair & ramp is Min.

1500mm.
• Riser – 120mm.
ALL ARE IN ‘mm’
• Tread – 300mm. STAIRCASE DETAIL
 STRETCHER DETAIL :
  WHEELCHAIR DETAIL : TURNING RADIUS
MOVEMENT SPACE:

LANDING SPACE CONSIDERATION

SIZE OF THE WHEELCHAIR :
  RECEPTION AREA:
• Entrance should open in to a large
open space with reception desk in front.
• It should be adjacent to triage area.
• Should be close to waiting area.
•Should have communication links such
as telephones,Worship room, grief room,
flower, chemist & book shop.
•Space for medico-social worker, toilets,
registration & records.
• BIS has recommended 1.75 sq.m per
hospital bed for the reception area.
  WAITING SPACE:
•Should provide sufficient & comfortable
space for waiting patients &
relatives/escorts.
•Area should be easily observed from
reception & triage areas.
•Should be appropriately furnished with
visual displays on health education &
hospital related information.
•Should cater for facilities such as
drinking water, ladies & gents
toilets, television & channel music.
•The space should be facilitate with
toilets.
  EXAMINATION & TREATMENT AREAS:

TRIAGE AREA:
• A separate area or lobby may be used.
•A triage area is designed for the initial clinical
assessment of patients and allocation of an
urgency.
 EXAMINATION & TREATMENT AREAS:
ACUTE TREATMENT AREA :
•Utilized for management of patients with
acute illnesses
• Should be able to fit a standard mobile
bed
with ample storage & usage space
•Area should include a service panel,
examination light, wall mounted
sphygmomanometer, emergency call
Facilities.
• 2.4m of clear floor space between beds.
•Each treatment area requires space of 15 sqm,
doors at least 1.3m wide.
  AMBULANCE:
• Length =5.4m
•As per IPHS, For the 300 bed hospital 3 no's
of ambulance's are necessary . • Width =1.9m
• Based on our design problem you should
provide 2no’s • Height =2.5m

• Turning Radius =6.5m

 Planning principles:
• Entrance for patients arriving by ambulance, other modes of
transportation, or conveyances.
• Provision for vehicles and parking area.
• In – out gates.
• Well connected to wards and investigation area.
• The ED must have ready access to those critical care areas and
diagnostic facilities necessary for modern Emergency Medicine
to be practiced.
• Clinical areas which should be adjacent to the ED include:-
• OT
• ICU
• Blood bank
• Laboratory
• OPD
• Mortuary
• Some authorities recommend a close relationship with CCU as
well
• Many sub-depts. like OT, Diagnostics etc. may be required
in the dept. itself
  LAYOUT FOR THE ED :
Observation
Gynea. & Dirty Plaster Toilet For
Ward - 6Nos of
Obstetrics Utility - room - Patients
Bed -
Room - 8 20 Sq.m - 6 Sq.m
10 Sq.m Sq.m
Isolation Cubicles
Resuscitation & Nurse Station -
Trauma - 4 Nos 4 Sq.m Toilet For
of Bed - Nurse Room Staff -
6 Sq.m
TRIAGE
Doctors Room
Storage -
ROOM
8 Sq.m Toilet For
Entry to Waiting Area Staff -
main 20 Sq.m 6 Sq.m
function LOBBY -
Depends on
Police Enquiry
the Funct.
RECEPTION &
Storage For Billing counter
Wheel Chair, Nos – 8 Sq.m
Stretcher
Portico -
Ambulance Bay –
60
2 Nos of 60
Sq.m
Sq.m
  ENT (EAR, NOSE AND THROAT)

• The specialist is also known as

OTOLARYNGOLOGIST.
• The clinic should have
facilities for an examination-
cum-treatment sound-proof
audiometry room and speech
therapy. For testing the state
of hearing power of ear, room
length of 6m is advisable

 SPACE REQUIREMENT: in sqm

 Consultation and examination – 45

 Treatment – 14
 Audiometry – 14
  Paediatric clinic

• The clinic should have A number of

consultation-cum-examination room depending
upon the load of out-patients. The clinic should
also have facilities for cardiographic
examination.
• It includes childcare, prevention and
treatment of diseases.

 SPACE REQUIREMENT: in sqm

 Consultant & Examination – 35

 Dressing, Treatment, Dispensing – 17.5
 Immunization – 17.5
 Waiting - 28
 Planning of paediatric clinic area
 LAYOUT- PAEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
• The ideal PICU size cannot be stated but six to ten beds is desirable. Picus with less than 4 beds
risk inefficiency and picus with greater than 16 beds may be difficult to manage, if not properly
divided.
• For the total pediatric ward, beds up to 25 and a picu of six to eight beds is ideal.
  PAEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT- DESIGN
AND SPECIFICATIONS:

• Room layout should allow actual visualization of all patients

from central station.
• PICU cubicles should have sliding glass doors to allow full
visibility. In rooms, windows are important to prevent a sense
of isolation. Adequate lighting, child friendly wall papering or
paintings with soothing colors and curtains are desirable.
• Patient area in open PICU should be 150 to 200 sq. ft. In a
cubicle, the minimum area should be 200 to 250 square feet
with at least one wash basin for two beds. However, one for
each bed is preferred.
• At least one, preferably two rooms should have an isolation
capability with an area of 250 square feet with an ante room
(separate area at least 20 square feet for hand washing and
wearing mask and gown) and separate ventilation.
• The area around the bed should allow enough space for
performing routine ICU procedures such as central lines,
chest tube placement, as well as for easy access for
portable X-ray machine, portable ultrasound,
electrocardiograph and portable electroencephalograph
machine.
• Wall and ceilings should be constructed of materials with high
sound absorption capabilities. Wall oxygen outlets (two), air
outlet (one), two suction outlets, and at least ten electrical
outlets per bed are recommended for various equipments.
  ORTHOPAEDIC CLINIC
• Orthopedic hospital is a single specialty
hospital that exclusively provides diagnosis
and treatment for musculoskeletal system
related problems.
• For X-Ray facilities the clinic should be in
close proximity of radiology department,
emergency and accident in order to make the
maximum use of the equipment and to
reduce the circulation.

• Plaster and splint storage room is necessary

for storing plaster materials, splits and other
therapeutic aids and for preparing plaster,
bandages, etc.

• A recovery room is adjacent to the fracture

and treatment room is essential.
 Space requirement: in sqm
• Consultation and Examination – 17.5
• Plaster and splinter storage – 14
• Fracture and treatment – 17.5
• Plaster cutting – 14
• Recovery – 14
• Waiting - 35
 Planning and designing of orthopaedic
hospital:
 ORTHOPAEDIC OT:
• Orthopedic OT can be designed as that of regular OT.
• Specially designed OT Table is used in Orthopedic OT:
• Orthopedics Operating Table are designed for
orthopedics operation and surgical procedures
according to clinical requirements of orthopedic
surgeries

• The orthopedic table can be equipped with

additional attachments like orthopedic
fracture table (Fracture & Lower Limb
Traction Unit), Femur Lateral Attachment,
Knee arthroscopy and tibia nailing
attachment and Arm Surgery Table to
improve ease of operation and achieve proper
positioning for an orthopedic surgeon.
 ORTHOPAEDIC ICU DESIGN AND
SPECIFICATION
• In an acute care hospital, the intensive care unit staff must effectively use specialized
equipment, while making split-second decisions pertaining to the care of a large
number of medically fragile patients. Optimizing the space for efficiency and safety can
help drive successful care outcomes and support a satisfactory experience for patients
and families.
• Layout : Adequate space should be provided for the movement of medical equipment,
wheelchairs and furniture. It’s better to create a room large enough to absorb
additional functions as time moves forward can ensure functionality in the long-term.
• Storage : Space should be provided for storage of devices and common medical
supplies like linens and medications. Often used supplies should be located near the
patient to promote efficiency.
• Lighting : Enough lighting should be provided between the bed and bathroom to
reduce the likelihood of patient falls. Also, sufficient lighting in the medication prep
zone can allow providers to better check patient arm bands to ensure proper care
delivery.
• Family zone layout : Situate family space in the line-of-sight of providers to facilitate
inclusion into the care conversation. Also, position furniture out of the way of the
caregiver zone in an area that allows visitors to see and hear the TV without disturbing
the patient. Furniture should also be in place to allow visitors to make physical contact
with the patient when desired.
• Surgical ICU: Separate space should be provided for SICU. It should be located nearby
to regular orthopedic ICU. The Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) is the area for
critically ill patients who require orthopedic surgery or are recovering from orthopedic
surgery.
THANK YOU….!!