WAYS OF

EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATIONS
OF SOLUTIONS

Solutions
 OBJECTIVES
• Describe the different types of solutions
• Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions:
percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality,
• describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of
solutions

Solutions
 WHAT IS
CONCENTRATION?
• It is the measure of how much of a given
substance there is mixed with another
substance. This can apply to any sort of
chemical mixture, but most frequently is
used in relation to solutions, where it
refers to the amount of solute dissolved
in a solvent.
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 TO CONCENTRATE A
SOLUTION
• must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent

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 TO DILUTE A SOLUTION
• must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.

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 MASS PERCENTAGE

• the mass of a substance in a mixture as a

percentage of the mass of the entire
mixture.

Solutions
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 MASS PERCENTAGE

Mass % = mass of solute

 100
total mass of solution

Solutions
 SAMPLE EXERCISE
• A solution is made by dissolving 13.5 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in
100 g of water. What is the mass percentage of solute in this
solution?

• Given: mass of solute:13.5 g of glucose

• total mass of solution: 113.5 g

Solutions
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 SAMPLE EXERCISE
• A saline solution with a mass of 355 g has 36.5 g of NaCl
dissolved in it. What is the mass percent concentration of the
solution?
• We can substitute the quantities given in the equation for
mass/mass percent:

Mass % of NaCl= 36.5 g x 100 = 10. 3 %

355 g

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 LET’S TRY
• Calculate the percentage concentration of the solution, where;
sucrose has a mass of 2 g and water has a mass of 80 g.

• Mass %= mass of solute x 100

• total of solution

2g C12H22O11 x 100 = 2.43 or 2%

82 g

Solutions
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
 LET’S TRY
• A solution with a mass of 50 g has 10 g of glucose dissolved in it.
What is the mass percent concentration of the solution?

• Mass % = mass of solute x 100

total mass of solution

10 g x 100 = 20 %
50 g

Solutions
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 MOLARITY (M)
mol of solute
M=
L of solution
• The number of moles of solute in 1 litre of solution
• Molarity is also known as the molar concentration of a solution.

Solutions
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 SAMPLE EXERCISE
• A saline solution contains 0.90 grams of NaCl dissolved in 0.1L solution,
What is the molar concentration of the solution?

• Given: m= 0.90 g
• n= 0.90 g x 1 mol NaCl = 0.0154 mol
58.44 g NaCl
v= 0.1 L
• SOLUTION: M= moles of solute/ liter of solution
M= 0.0154 mol = 0.154 mol/L or 0.154 M
0.1L
Solutions
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 LET’S TRY

• If 149.1 g of KCl is dissolved in water to make 0.500 L solution,
what is the molarity of the solution?

GIVEN: mass of solute KCl= 149.1 g

no. of moles= K= 39.09 g/mol + Cl= 35.45 g/mol= 74.54 g/mol
149.1 g x 1 mol = 2.00 mol
74.54 g/mol
volume of solution= 0.500 L

Calculate the the molarity of the sol’n,

Solutions
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• SOLUTION:
M= moles of solute
L of solution

M= 2.00 mol = 4.00 or 4 mol/L or 4 M

0.500 L

Solutions
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 LET’S TRY
• What is the Molar concentration of a solution containing 60 g of
NaOH in 0.25 L?

GIVEN: m of solute= 60g

no.moles:= 60g x 1 mole NaOH = 1.50 mol
39.98 g/mol
v= 0.25 L

Solution:
M= moles of solute/ v of solution
M= 1.50 mol/ 0.25 L = 6 mol/ L or 6 M

Solutions
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 MOLALITY (m)
mol of solute
m=
kg of solvent

Molality (m), or molal concentration, is the amount of a substance

dissolved in a certain mass of solvent. It is defined as the moles
of a solute per kilograms of a solvent.

Solutions
 SAMPLE EXERCISE
• In laboratory, a student adds 4.5 g of NaCl to 0.1000 kg of
water .Calculate the molality of the solution.

• Given: m of solute NaCl= 4.5 g

no. of moles= Na = 22.99 g/mol + Cl= 35.45 g/mol
= answer: 58.44 g/mol
4.5 g x 1 mol = 0.077 mol
58.44 g/mol
Kg= 0.1000 kg

Solutions
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• SOLUTION
Molality (m)= moles of solute/ kg of solvent

m= 0.077 mol/ 0.1000 kg= 0.77 mol/kg or 0.77m

Solutions
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 LET’S TRY
• A solution contains 68.4 g of NaCl dissolved in 0.25 kg of water.
What is the Molality of the solution?

• GIVEN: mass of solute= 68.4 g

• molecular weight of NaCl =
58.44g/mol
moles of solute= 1.17 mol
weight of solvent= 0.250 kg

Solutions
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• SOLUTION

Molality(m)= moles of solute

weight of solvent

m= 1.17 mol =4.68 mol/kg or 4.68 m

0.250 kg

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Solutions
 Solutions
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 LET’S SUMMARIZE 
1. What is Concentration?

2. What will you do in able to dilute a solution?

3. What is the formula for mass %, molarity and molality

4. What is the main reason why colligative properties changes in

different solution?
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