GROUP 1

PRACTICE OF
TRANSLATION
NAME OF GROUPS
I MADE DWI KARDIASA - 2180111009
M. MAS GUSTRINI DEWI - 218011012
ANNISA PRASETYAWATI P - 2180111029
INTRODUCTION

Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given linguistic

discourse is rendered from one language to another. It is the act of transferring
the linguistic entities from one language in to their equivalents in to another
language. Translation is an act through which the content of a text is
transferred from the source language in to the target language (Foster, 1958).
The language to be translated is called the source language (SL), whereas the
language to be translated into or arrived at is called the target language (TL).
The translator needs to have good knowledge of both the source and the target
language, in addition to a high linguistic sensitivity as he should transmit the
writer's intention, original thoughts and opinions in the translated version as
precisely and faithfully as possible.
PRINCIPAL
TRNSLATION

1.Science (part of comparative

linguistics)

2.Knowledge (about language and

outside world)

3. Act (in using efficient and effective

words)
 Principle of Science
• Because the use of two different languages,
the principle of science should be applied in
translation activity. It comes from the fact that
modern science linked to translation or,
indeed, started as translation (Montgomery
2000: 272).
• The transfer of scientific and technical
knowledge across linguistic-cultural borders
had considerable linguistic and
epistemological consequences, such as the
creation of new vocabularies; the deletion and
addition of epistemological matter
(Montgomery 2000: 269).
 Continuation…
• From this statement, concept to compare
between the language is a must when doing
translation activity. It comes from the fact each
language has several characteristics that differs
from one to another. The terms of science as it
related with translation also were described by
Venutti (1998: 33). Venutti believed that science
has an influence to write the text into ‘original’
word.
 Science of Translating
• Eugene Nida also gives an interesting theory called
‘the science of translating’ which related with his
project in translating the Bible. His theory took
concrete form in two major works in the 1960s:
Toward a Science of Translating (1964a) and The
Theory and Practice of Translation (Nida and Taber
1969), which he became a co-authored of the book.
• Nida’s theory has more systematic approach in
terms of translation activity. He tended to borrow
theoretical concepts and terminology both
semantic and pragmatic from Noam Chomsky’s
work regrading syntactic structure which formed
the theory generative transformational grammar
(Chomsky 1957, 1965).
 Equivalence
• Based on his book that he co-authored with
Taber titled Theory and Practice of Translation,
Nida stated that: “translating consists of
reproducing in the receptor language the
closest natural equivalent of the source
language message, first in terms of meaning
and secondly in terms of style.” From this
statement, Nida concludes that equivalent is
the thing that must be achieved first in terms of
translation activity.
• Through his book Toward a Science of
Translating which is about the principle of
science in translation, Nida determines there
are two different equivalences, Formal
Equivalence and Dynamic Equivalence.
FORMAL EQUIVALENCE

The formal equivalence focusses on the message itself, in both form

and content (Nida, 1964: 152). In such a translation one is concern
with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence,
and concept to concept. Formal equivalence translation basically
sources oriented, it is designed to reveal as much as possible of the
form (e.g., syntax and idiom) and content (e.g., themes and concept)
of the original message. In doing so, a formal equivalence attempts to
reproduce several formal elements, including: (1) grammatical units,
(2) consistency in word usage, and (3) meanings in terms of source
text. The implementation of formal equivalence in translation can be
seen in several examples from English and Bahasa.
 EXAMPLES

A.I go to school - Saya pergi ke sekolah

B.Mother came home empty handed - Ibu pulang dengan tangan

hampa
DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE

Nida (1964: 159) argued that dynamic equivalence which is based

upon the principle of equivalence effect. In dynamic equivalent
translation the focus of attention is directed, not so much toward the
source message, as toward the receptor response. This type of
equivalent seems related with how bilingual and bicultural person just
justifiably say, “That is just the way we would say it.” One way of
defining a dynamic equivalent translation is to describe it as “the
closest natural equivalent to the source-language message.” This term
has three essential items which are: (1) equivalent, which points
toward the source language message, (2) natural, which points toward
receptor language, and (3) closest, which binds the two orientations
together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation. There are
several examples which can be found in translation between English
to Bahasa.
 EXAMPLES

A. A good marksman may miss - Sepandai-pandainya tupai

melompat pasti akan jatuh juga

B.There he goes - Oh, sudahlah

C. A.Red Alert, everybody - Bahaya, semuanya

Translation involves not just two languages, but also two
cultures. As a result, a translator should be multilingual
and multicultural. Every language, whether written or
spoken, is the outcome of a non-linguistic situation. It is
influenced by the cultural, historical, and social contexts
in which it occurs. Every translation is a process of
transferring messages across linguistic and cultural.
Cultural translation issues arise as a result of the
differences between languages as a set of lexemes and
meanings, as well as between cultures as ways of identity
and living style. Particularly when translators face a term
in the SL that expresses an idea that is completely
unknown in the TL, whether abstract or concrete.
 EXAMPLES

SL
Mereka membeli buah rambutan tersebut di pasar dekat rumah.

TL
They bought the rambutan fruit at the market near their house.
 EXAMPLES

SL
Kelurahan kami mengadakan gotong royong setiap hari minggu.

TL
Every Sunday, our urban village held a communal workday.
 EXAMPLES

SL
Diana akan melaksanakan upacara potong gigi minggu depan di
kampung halamannya.

TL
Diana will be holding a tooth filling ceremony next week in her
village.