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Trends & The Periodic Table
Trends & The Periodic Table
Trends
• more than 20 properties change in predictable
way based location of elements on PT
– Density
– melting point/boiling point
– atomic radius
– ionization energy
– electronegativity
When you’
re done it will l
ook like this so
leave room for
writing!
Going down column 1:
Period Element Configuration
1 H 1
2 Li 2-1
3 Na 2-8-1
4 K 2-8-8-1
5 Rb 2-8-18-8-1
6 Cs 2-8-18-18-8-1
7 Fr 2-8-18-32-18-8-1
Increasing Atomic
Cs has more energy levels, so it’s bigger
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Why does this happen..
as go across
row size tends to decrease a bit
because of greater PPP “proton pulling power”
We can “measure” the Proton
Pulling Power by determining
the Effective nuclear charge
• It is the charge actually felt by valence
electrons
• The equation
Nuclear charge - # inner shell electrons
(doesn’t include valance e-)
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+7
+1
Calculate “effective nuclear charge”
• # protons minus # inner electrons
What the inner electrons do….
H and He:
only elements
whose valence
electrons feel
full nuclear
charge (pull)
NOTHING
TO
SHIELD
THEM
Increasing Atomic Radius
Shielding
Increasing number of energy levels
Increased Electron
Decreasing Atomic Radius
Look at all the shielding Francium's one valance
electron has. It barely feels the proton pull from the
nucleus. No wonder it will lose it’s one electron the
easiest. No wonder it’s the most reactive metal
Ionization Energy
• = amount energy required to remove a
valence electron from an atom in gas
phase
•Cs valence electron
lot farther away from nucleus than Li
•electrostatic attraction much weaker so easier to steal
electron away from Cs
•THEREFORE, Li has a higher Ionization energy then Cs
Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
Decreasing Atomic Radius
• Unit = Pauling
• Fluorine: most electronegative element
= 4.0 Paulings
Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)
Decreased
Increasing Atomic Radius
Electronegativity
Increased Electronegativity
Most
reactive
metallic)
(the most
metal = Fr
More metallic
Increased Electronegativity
Most
reactive
metal = Fr
(the most Nonreactiv
e
metallic)
BACK
How do you know if an atom gains
or loses electrons?
• Think back to the Lewis structures of ions
• Atoms form ions to get a valence of 8
(or 2 for H)
• Metals tend to have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons
– It’s easier to lose them
• Nonmetals tend to have 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons
– It’s easier to add some
• Noble gases already have 8 so they don’t form ions
very easily
Positive ions (cations)
• Formed by loss of electrons
• Cations always smaller than parent
atom
2e
8e 8e
8e 8e
2e 2e
Ca
Ca Ca+2
Negative ions or (anions)
• Formed by gain of electrons