A Hamiltonian cycle is a cycle in a graph that visits each node exactly once. The Hamiltonian cycle problem is determining if such a cycle exists in a given graph. Backtracking is commonly used to search for all possible Hamiltonian cycles by recursively considering choices and pruning infeasible options until a solution is found or no solutions remain. The problem is NP-complete, so backtracking may require exponential time in the worst case.
A Hamiltonian cycle is a cycle in a graph that visits each node exactly once. The Hamiltonian cycle problem is determining if such a cycle exists in a given graph. Backtracking is commonly used to search for all possible Hamiltonian cycles by recursively considering choices and pruning infeasible options until a solution is found or no solutions remain. The problem is NP-complete, so backtracking may require exponential time in the worst case.
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A Hamiltonian cycle is a cycle in a graph that visits each node exactly once. The Hamiltonian cycle problem is determining if such a cycle exists in a given graph. Backtracking is commonly used to search for all possible Hamiltonian cycles by recursively considering choices and pruning infeasible options until a solution is found or no solutions remain. The problem is NP-complete, so backtracking may require exponential time in the worst case.
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A Hamiltonian cycle is a cycle that goes through every
node of the graph exactly once. In the mathematical field of graph theory the Hamiltonian path problem and the Hamiltonian cycle problem are problems of determining whether a Hamiltonian path or a Hamiltonian cycle exists in a given graph (whether directed or undirected). Contd.. • There is a simple relation between the two problems. The Hamiltonian path problem for graph G is equivalent to the Hamiltonian cycle problem in a graph H obtained from G by adding a new vertex and connecting it to all vertices of G. • Hamiltonian paths and cycles are named after William Rowan Hamilton who invented the Icosian game, now also known as Hamilton's puzzle, which involves finding a Hamiltonian cycle in the edge graph of the dodecahedron. PROPERTIES • Any Hamiltonian cycle can be converted to a Hamiltonian path by removing one of its edges, but a Hamiltonian path can be extended to Hamiltonian cycle only if its endpoints are adjacent. • A tournament (with more than 2 vertices) is Hamiltonian if and only if it is strongly connected. • A Hamiltonian cycle may be used as the basis of a zero-knowledge proof. • Number of different Hamiltonian cycles for a complete graph = (n- 1)! / 2. • Number of different Hamiltonian cycles for a complete directed graph = (n-1)!. EXAMPLE BACKTRACKING • Backtracking is a methodical way of trying out various sequences of decisions, until you find one that “works”. • The steps involved in backtracking are: 1. View and pick up a solution from a sequence of choices. 2. For each choice, consider every option recursively. 3. Return the best solution found. • Backtracking procedures are characterized by multiple recursive calls, typically within a loop. One of the most common applications of backtracking is the evaluation of moves for strategy games like chess, tic-tac-toe. Using backtracking method: • Search all the potential solutions • Employ pruning of some kind to restrict the amount of researching • Advantage: Find all solution, can decide HC exists or not • Disadvantage Worst case, needs exponential time. Normally, take a long time ALGORITHM Function Bound(X[1:n],l) begin for i=1 to l-1 do if X[l] = X[i] then return(false); endif endfor if (l > 1 and (X[l-1],X[l]) is not an edge) then return(false); endif if (l=n and (X[n],X[1]) is not an edge) then
return(false); endif return(true); end REFERENCES • Computer algorithms • en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_path