SIGNALs in

Telecom
CAS, CCS7
RTTC, HYD

RTTC, HYDM.Venkateswarlu,
SDE,RTTC,HYD
 Introduction
• A signalling system uses a language
which enables two switching equipments
to converse for the purpose of setting up
calls.
• Telephony started with the invention of
magneto telephone which used a magneto
to generate the ringing current
 Types of Signalling
• Subscriber Line signalling
• Inter-exchange Signaling
 Subscriber Line signalling
• Calling Subscriber Line Signaling
• Called subscriber line signals
 Calling Subscriber Line
Signaling
• Address signal Decadic Dialling
Multifrequency
Push-button Dialling
• End of selection signal
• Answer Back Signal
• Release signal
• Permanent Line (PG) Signal
• The address digits may be transmitted as a
sequence of interruption of the DC loop by a
rotary dial or a decadic push-button key pad.
The number of interruption (breaks) indicate the
digit, exept0, for which there are 10
interruptions. The rate of such interruptions is 10
per second and the make/break ration is 1:2.
There has to be a inter-digital pause of a few
hundred milliseconds to enable the exchange to
distinguish between consecutive digits. This
method is, therefore, relatively slow and signals
cannot be transmitted during the speech phase.
• It uses two sets of four voice frequencies a
signal comprising of two frequencies. one
from each group. Hence, it is also called
Dual-Tone Multi frequency (DTMF) dialling

• By this method, the dialling time is

reduced and almost 10 digits can be
transmitted per second.
Called subscriber line signals
• Ring Signal
• Answer Signal
• Release Signal
• Register Recall Signal
 Inter-exchange signaling
• Inter-exchange signaling can be transmitted over
each individual inter exchange trunk. The signals
may be transmitted using the same frequency
band as for speech signals (inband signaling), or
using the frequencies outside this band (out-of-
band signaling). The signaling may be
• i. Pulsed
• ii. Continuous
• iii. Compelled
 Supervisory signals
• Answer Signal
• Blocking Signal: To block the circuit
• Clear-Back Signal: Indicate that the called party is
cleared(in Reverse Direction)
• Clear-forward Signal: Terminate that call, to release
the all switching units held
• Metering Signal
• Reanswer Signal: In backward direction, indicating
called party lifts the handset after clear
• Seizure Signal: Seize the Circuit
 Supervisory signals
• Seizure-ACK Signal
• Unblocking- ACK Signal
• Inter Exchange Signals:
a) Line Signals: Related to Trasmission
lines
b) Register Signals: Related to Switching
equippments
 Register signals
• Register signals are interchanged
between registers during a phase between
receipt of trunk seizure signal and the
exchange switching to the speech phase.
• These signals are proceed-to-send (PTS)
signals, address signals, and signals
indicating the result of the call attempt.
 CSMF
• To reduce transmission time and to increase
reliability, a number of frequencies are used in
groups. Normally 2 out of 6 frequencies are
used. To make the system more reliable
compelled sequence is used. Hence, this
system is normally called compelled sequence
Multi-frequency (CSMF) signaling
• In CCITT terminology it is termed as R2 system.
SIGNAL FREQUENCY INDEX AND W
• There is a provision for having 15 combinations
using two out of six frequencies viz., 1380, 1500,
1620, 1740, 1860 and 1980 Hz, for forward
signals and another 15 combination using two
out of six frequencies viz., 1140,1020, 900, 780,
660 and 540 Hz, for backward signals. In India,
the higher frequency in the forward group i.e.,
1980 Hz, and the lower frequency in the
backward group, i.e., 540 hz, are not used.
Thus, there are 10 possible combinations in both
the directions
 Inter Exchange Signalling
• When more than two exchanges are involved in
setting up the connections the signaling may be
done in either of the two modes
• End-to-end signaling
• Link-By-Link signaling
• Generally supervisory (or line) and
subscriber signaling is necessarily on link-
by-link basis. Address component may be
signalled either by end-to-end or link-by-link
depending upon the network configuration.
 R2 MF Signalling
• CCITT standardized the R2 signaling
system to be used on national and
international routes. However, the Indian
environment requires lesser number of
signals and hence, a slightly modified
version is being used.
 Signalling Freqs.
• FORWARD SIGNALS
• BACKWARD SIGNALS
• Each signal is acknowledged
appropriately at the other end after the
receiver checks the presence of only 2
and only 2 out of 5 proper frequencies.
 Digital Signalling
• Inter exchange signalling can be
transmitted over a channel directly
associated with the speech channel,
channel-associated signalling (CAS) , or
over a dedicated link common to a number
of channels, common channel signalling
(CCS). The information transmitted for
setting up and release of calls is same in
both the cases
 Channel- Associated signalling
• Though the speech sampling rate is 8
Khz, the signals do not change as rapidly
as speech and hence, a lower sampling
rate of 500 Hz, for digitization of signals
can suffice.
• Based on this concept, TS 16 of each
frame of 125 microseconds is used to
carry signals of 2 speech channels, each
using 4 bits
 Signalling Chl.
• TS 16 of F1 contains signal for speech
channels 1 and 16 being carried in TS
1 and TS 17, respectively, TS16 of F2
contains signals of speech channels 2 and
17 being carried in TS2 and TS 18,
respectively and so on,
 Signalling Chl.
• Although four bits per channel are
available for signalling only two bits are
used. As the transmission is separate in
the forward and backward direction, the
bits in the forward link are called af and bf,
and those in the backward link are called
ab and bb. Values for these bits are
assigned
 Introduction
• Control information has to be transferred
between the exchanges for call control and for
the use of facilities.
• In digital, processor-controlled communication
network, the amount and variety of the
information to be transferred is accordingly
larger. The information can no longer be
economically transported by the conventional
channel-associated signaling systems. For this
reason, a new, efficient signaling system is
required in digital, processor-controlled
communication networks.
 Main Features

• Internationally standardized (national variations

possible).
• Suitable for the national, international and
intercontinental network level.
• Suitable for various communication services such as
telephony, text services, data services digital network
(ISDN).
 Features contd.
• high performance and flexibility along with
a future-oriented concept which well meet
new requirements.
• high reliability for message transfer.
• processor-friendly structure of messages
 Features contd.
• use of the signalling links for transferring user data
also. used on various transmission media
• cable (copper, optical fiber)
• radio relay
• satellite (up to 2 satellite links)
• use of the transfer rate of 64 k bit/s typical in digital
networks.
• used also for lower bit rates and for analog signaling
links if necessary.
• automatic supervision and control of the signaling
network.
Signalling via a Common Channel
Signalling link
 Signaling Points
• The SP’s are the sources (originating
points) and the sinks (destination points)
of signaling traffic. In a communication
network these are primarily the exchanges
• All SP’s in the signaling network are
identified by means of a code within the
framework of a corresponding numbering
plan and, therefore, can be directly
addressed in a signaling message.
 Signaling Transfer Points
• The STP’s switch signaling messages
received to another STP or to a SP on the
basis of the destination address.
• No call processing of the signaling
messages occurs in a STP
 Signalling Links
• A signaling link consists of a signaling
data link (two data channels operating
together in opposite directions at the same
data rate) and its transfer control
functions.
• A channel of an existing transmission link
is used as the signaling data link
 Signalling Links
• Generally, more than one signaling link
exists between two SP’s in order to
provide redundancy
• In the case of failure of a signaling link,
signaling traffic is rerouted to fault-free
alternative routes.
• All the signaling links between two SP’s
are combined in a signaling link set.
 Signalling Modes
• Associated mode : The signaling link is
routed together with the circuit group
belonging to the link . The signaling link is
directly connected to SP’s which are also
the terminal points of the circuit group.
• This mode of signaling is recommended
when the capacity of the traffic between
the SP’s is heavily utilized.
Associated Mode of Signalling

CIRCUIT GROUP
EXGE A EXGE B

SP SP

SIGNALING LINK
 Quasi-associated Mode
• The signaling link and the speech circuit
group run along different routes. The
signaling for the circuit group is carried out
via one or more defined STP’s This
signaling mode is favourable for traffic
relations with low capacity utilization, as the
same signaling link can be used for several
destinations.
Quasi-associated Mode
 Signalling Routes
• The route defined for the signalling
between an originating point and a
destination point is called the signalling
route. The signalling traffic between two
SPs can be distributed over several
different signalling routes. All signalling
routes between two SPs are combined in
a signalling route set.
 Signaling Function Parts
• The signaling functions in CCS7 are
distributed among the following parts :
• Message transfer part (MTP)
• Function – specific User Parts (UP)
• The functions of the MTP and the UP of
CCS7 are divided into 4 levels.
• Levels 1 to 3 are allotted to the MTP while
the UPs form level 4
Functional Levels of CCS
 MTP
• The message transfer part (MTP) is used
in CCS7 by all user parts (UPs) as a
transport system for message exchange.
Messages to be transferred from one UP
to another are given to the MTP. The MTP
ensures that the messages reach the
addressed UP, in the correct order,
without information loss, duplication or
sequence alteration and without any bit
errors.
Message exchange between two
Signalling Points
 Functional Levels
• Level I (Signaling Data Link) defines
• the physical, electrical and functional
characteristics of a signaling data link and
the access units. Level 1 represents the
bearer for a signaling link. In a digital
network, 64-kbit/s channels are generally
used as signaling data links
 Functional Levels
• Level 2 defines the functions and procedures
for a correct exchange of user messages
• delimitation of the signal units by flags.
• error detection using check bits.
• error correction by retransmitting signal units.
• error rate monitoring on the signalling data link.
• restoration of fault-free operation
 Functional Levels
• Level 3 defines the inter working of the
individual signaling links. A distinction is made
between the two following functional areas :
• Message handling, i.e. directing the messages
to the desired signalling line, or to the correct
UP.
• Signaling network management, i.e. control of
the message traffic, for example, by means of
changeover of signaling links if a fault is
detected and change back to normal operation
after the fault is corrected.
 Signal Units (SU)
• The MTP transport messages in the form
of SU’s of varying length.
• There are three different types of SUs :
• Message Signal Units (MSU).
• Link Status Signal Units (LSSU).
• Fill-in Signal Units (FISU).
Thank U