TERM 2

TOPICAL REVISION
 CHAPTER 7

GAS EXCHANGE
1. Which is true about haemoglobin when
blood pH increases from 7.2 to 7.4?

A. The release of oxygen increases.

B. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide
increases.
C. The affinity of haemoglobin towards
oxygen increases.
D. The ability of haemoglobin to bind the
hydrogen ions increases.
2. Which is true about the vital capacity of
lungs?

A. The volume of air exhaled after the

deepest inhalation.
B. The volume of air which remains in the
lungs after maximum exhalation.
C. The additional amount of air which can
be exhaled after a normal exhalation.
D. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled
from the lungs during normal breathing.
3. What is the main factor detected by the
chemoreceptors that control breathing
rate?

A. The changes in partial pressure of

oxygen.
B. The changes in the concentration of
hydrogen ions.
C. The presence or absence of adrenaline.
D. The increase in blood pH.
4. The lung volumes and the lung capacities
of a student are shown in the table below.
Lung volume/capacity Volume (cm3)
Vital capacity 3000
Inspiratory reserve volume 1300
Expiratory reserve volume 1300
Residual volume 1500

What is the tidal volume of the student?

A. 400 cm3 B. 1500 cm3
C. 2600 cm3 D. 4500 cm3
5.
6. The main function of cilia which line the
respiratory surface is to

A. moisten the trachea.

B. lubricate the bronchi to ease the flow of
air into the lungs.
C. move the mucus to the pharynx & away
from the lungs.
D. provide mucus to the lungs to prevent
the lungs from dehydration.
7. What would happen to the
oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve
during vigorous exercise?

A. The pH of the blood increases.

B. The dissociation curve shifts to the left.
C. The formation of
carbaminohaemoglobin decreases.
D. The affinity of haemoglobin towards
oxygen decreases.
8. Which external factor would maximise
the opening of stomata if the factor is
decreased?

A. Humidity
B. Wind speed
C. Light intensity
D. Environmental temperature
9. Which statements are true about human
myoglobin?
I Myoglobin releases oxygen easily to
muscle cells.
II Myoglobin retains its oxygen in resting
cells.
III Myoglobin only releases its oxygen when
the supply of oxyhaemoglobin is insufficient.
IV Myoglobin has a low affinity towards
carbon dioxide.

A. I and II B. I and IV
C. II and III D. III and IV
10. Which part of the brain controls
breathing rate?

A. Thalamus B. Cerebellum
C. Hypothalamus D. Medulla
oblongata
11.
12.
13.
14. Which condition will force haemoglobin
to release its oxygen load?

A. Increase in H+ in red blood cells.

B. Decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity.
C. Increase in the partial pressure of
oxygen.
D. Increase in the dissociation of
carbaminohaemoglobin.
15. What causes the guard cells to open and
close?
Guard cells open Guard cells close
Solute pressure is low Solute pressure is high
A
in guard cells in guard cells
Solute pressure is high Solute pressure is low
B
in guard cells in guard cells
High level of abscissic Low level of abscissic
C
acid in the leaves acid in the leaves
Efflux of potassium Influx of potassium
D ions from the guard ions into the guard
cells cells
16. Which statement explains the presence
of myoglobin in active tissues?

A. It has four haem molecules.

B. It enhances the supply of oxygen.
C. It binds both carbon dioxide & oxygen.
D. It helps maintain the steepness of the
pressure gradient in tissues.
17. The events that lead to the closing of stomata
are as follows :
I The loss of K+ ions from the cells.
II The loss of Cl- ions from the cells.
III The transfer of Ca2+ ions from the vacuole
to the cytoplasm.
IV The binding of abscissic acid to receptors
on the surface of the plasma membrane of the
guard cells.
Which sequence of events is correct for the
closing of the stomata?
A. I, II, III, IV B. I, III, IV, II
C. IV, I, II, III D. IV, III, I, II
18. The chemoreceptor at the carotid body
is stimulated when

A. the concentration of O2 is low.

B. the concentration of O2 is high.
C. the concentration of CO2 is low.
D. the concentration of CO2 is high.
19. Which is the main stimulus that controls
the breathing rate of humans under a
resting condition?

A. The concentration of oxygen in the

blood.
B. The concentration of thyroxine in the
blood.
C. The concentration of adrenaline in the
blood.
D. The concentration of carbon dioxide in
the blood.
20.
21. Chloride shift is a process in which

A. the pH in red blood cells is maintained.

B. the osmotic pressure in red blood cells
is maintained.
C. Cl- ions in the plasma diffuse into the
red blood cells to replace the HCO3- ions
that are diffusing out.
D. Cl- ions in the plasma diffuse into the
red blood cells to replace the CO32- ions
that are diffusing out.
22. Carbon dioxide is transported in the
red blood cell as

A. carbaminohaemoglobin
B. carboxyhaemoglobin
C. haemoglobinic acid
D. hydrogen carbonate
23. The movement of water through the
cell wall is called

A. alternative pathway
B. apoplast pathway
C. symplast pathway
D. vacuolar pathway
24.
25. The oxygen dissociation curve for the haemoglobin of
an individual is further left compared to the ODC for the
Hb of a normal individual. Which statements are true of
that individual?

I The individual migrates from a low altitude to a high

altitude.
II The individual migrates from a high altitude to a low
altitude.
III The total Hb & red blood cell count of the individual
increases.
IV The total Hb & red blood cell count of the individual
decreases.

A. I and III B. I and IV C. II and III D. II and IV

26. The events which lead to the opening of a
stoma are as follows :
I The stoma is open.
II The guard cells become turgid.
III The water potential of the guard cells
decreases.
IV Water enters the guard cells osmotically.
V Potassium ions are actively transported
into the guard cells.

Which sequence of events is correct?

A. III, IV, V, II, I B. III, V, IV, II, I
C. V, III, IV, II, I D. V, IV, III, II, I
27.
28.
29. The main function of a stoma is to

A. respond to the environmental stress.

B. allow the diffusion of gas into the
mesophyll cell.
C. regulate the movement of water during
transpiration.
D. allow the diffusion of gas while
regulating water loss.
30. The Bohr effect is very important to
actively respiring cells because
A. high carbon dioxide concentration
causes faster release of oxygen
B. large quantity of ATP is required to
facilitate the diffusion of gases.
C. high rate of glucose oxidation
stimulates the secretion of insulin.
D. low oxygen concentration stimulates
the increase in the rate of breathing.
31. During respiration, chemoreceptors
are stimulated by the level of

A. urea in the blood.

B. oxygen in the blood.
C. glucose in the blood.
D. carbon dioxide in the blood.
32. Which of the following are the effects
of abscissic acid on a stoma?
I The guard cells become turgid.
II The guard cells become flaccid.
III Potassium ions are transported out
of the guard cells.
IV Potassium ions are transported into
the guard cells.

A. I and III B. I and IV

C. II and III D. II and IV
33. The opening and closing of a stoma are
controlled by

I the presence of light.

II the osmotic pressure of the guard
cells.
III the accumulation of potassium ions in
the guard cells.
IV an excess of carbon dioxide in the air
space between the cells.

A. I, II and III B. I, II and IV

C. I, III and IV D. II, III and IV
34. Which of the following describe the
chemoreceptor in the carotid body in the
regulation of the rate of respiration in humans?

I Sensitive to the rise of blood pH.

II Sensitive to the rise in osmotic pressure of
blood.
III Sensitive to the very low partial pressure
of blood oxygen.
IV Sensitive to the rise in partial pressure of
blood carbon dioxide.

A. I and II B. I and IV
C. II and III D. III and IV
35. The lowering of pH of human blood
causes

A. the rate of heart beat to decrease.

B. the rate of heart beat to increase.
C. less oxygen to be released from
oxyhaemoglobin.
D. less carbon dioxide to be bound with
haemoglobin.
36.
37. Which molecules can bind to
haemoglobin?

I Oxygen
II Carbon monoxide
III Carbon dioxide

A. I only B. I and III

C. II and III D. I, II and III
38. The maximum tidal volume during
forced breathing is called

A. vital capacity
B. inspiratory capacity
C. residual volume
D. inspiratory reserve volume
39. Which process does not occur during
the opening of stomata?

A. Sugar is converted into starch.

B. Starch is converted into malic acid.
C. Water enters osmotically into the guard
cells.
D. Potassium ions diffuse into the guard
cells from the adjacent cells.
40. Which of the following is responsible
for the transportation of carbon dioxide
in the blood cells?

A. Sodium ions
B. Calcium ions
C. Carbonic anhydrase
D. Hydrogen carbonate ions
41. Which statements are true for
myoglobin & haemoglobin molecules?

I Both are conjugated proteins.

II Both are efficient oxygen carriers.
III Their prosthetic group is haem.
IV Both are secondary proteins.

A. II and IV B. I, II and III

C. I, III and IV D. I, II, III and IV
42.
 ANSWERS
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. D

9. C 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. B

17. D 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. C

25. A 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. D 30. A 31. D 32. C

38.
33. A 34. B 35. B 36. B 37. D 39. A 40. D
A?
41. B 42. B
STRUCTURE
STPM 2016
A typical human lung capacity is
shown in the
graph below.
(a) What is represented by
P? [1]
(b) State two factors
that could affect Q. [2]
(c) Calculate
(i) the inspiratory
reserve volume. [2]
(ii) the residual volume. [2]
STPM 2015
A spirometer trace of
lung volumes taken
during a breathing
cycle of a healthy
female adult is
shown in the graph.
One peak on the graph
represents one breath.
(a) Based on the graph above, determine the following lung
volumes :
(i) Tidal volume
(ii) Expiratory reserve volume
(iii) Vital capacity
[3]
(b) Based on the graph, what is the normal breathing rate
per minute? [1]
(c)(i) Which of the lung volume cannot be
determined by the spirometer trace
[1]
(ii) State a reason why the volume in (c)(i)
cannot be determined from the trace. [1]

(d) State one factor which can affect the breathing

rate of a healthy individual.
[1]

(e) Emphysema is a lung disease. Which lung

volume will be an indication that the person
may be suffering from a lung disease?
[1]
STPM 2009
The transport of carbon dioxide by blood is
shown in the diagram.
(a) State three ways how carbon dioxide is
transported in blood. [3]
(b) What is meant by chloride shift? [2]
(c)(i) Name enzyme A. [1]
(ii) Write an equation involving carbon dioxide, X and Y.
[2]
(d) State two roles of haemoglobin in maintaining the pH of
blood. [2]
STPM 2005
The graph shows a relative
stomatal opening
over time for
maize plant
in normal conditions.
(a) What do X, Y
and Z represent?
[3]
(b) What happens at time Y?
[4]
(c) State three possible causes for the stomata to close at
time Z.
[3]
STPM 2000
The diagram shows a
summary of the chemical
reactions which occur in a mammal
during the transportation of
carbon dioxide by red blood
cells.
(a) State the substances labelled R, S, T and U in the
diagram. [4]
(b) Explain what happens at stages I, II, III and IV.
[8]
ESSAY

STPM 2016 (R)

(a) Explain how light intensity affects
stomatal opening. [6m]
(b) Describe Bohr effect which occurs in
active tissues.
[9m]