ACCELERATION AND AHS 1853

Automotive Sensor & Actuator

VIBRATION SENSOR Hairulazmi
UNIT LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Define acceleration.
2. Explain the measuring principles used in sensor.
3. Describe the working principle of sensor.
4. Describe the characteristic and parameter of sensor.
5. Discuss the application of sensor.
OUTLINE
Intro. to acceleration and vibration measurement.
Measuring principles.
Types of sensors.
Applications.
Conclusion.
MEASURING PRINCIPLES
Acceleration sensors measure the force, F executed on an inert
mass, m by an acceleration, a.

F = m.a
INTRODUCTION TO
ACCELERATION
Acceleration is a measure of how fast velocity changes.
Acceleration is the change of velocity divided by the change of
time.
Type of acceleration:
1. Constant acceleration
2. Variable acceleration
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
In the event of a constant acceleration, the acceleration force is in equilibrium
with the return force applied to the spring with spring constant c deflected by
x:

F = m.a = c.x
The system’s measurement sensitivity S is therefore:
S = x/a = m/c
This indicates that a large mass together with low spring stiffness result in
high measurement sensitivity.
VARIABLE ACCELERATION
In the dynamic case, a damping force and an inertia force are to be
taken into consideration in addition to the spring force.
The essential damping force is proportional to the velocity x^ and
is described using the damping coefficient p.
The inertia force is proportional to the acceleration x^^.
The resulting equation describes a resonant system:
F= m.a= c.x+ p.x^ + m.x^^
TRAVEL MEASURING
SYSTEMS
SEISMIC MASS
MEASURING TECHNIQUE
PIEZO EFFECTS: ACTING
FORCE
ACTING FORCE ON VEHICLE
SMM ACCELERATION SENSOR
SMM: CAPACITIVE PICK-OFF
SURFACE MM: CAPACITIVE
PICK-OFF
SURFACE MM: APPLICATION
Variety of acceleration detection roles in the vehicle.
Detection of acceleration values for a frontal or lateral impact in
order to trigger the seat-belt pretensioners, the airbag and the
rollover bar in vehicle occupant-protection systems.
Surface micromechanical (SMM) acceleration sensors are used in
the field of active vehicle safety in ABS, ESP and HHC (Hill Hold
Control, low-speed traction control) systems.
Chassis and suspension control (active suspension) and vehicle
alarm systems, where a change in the vehicle tilt will trigger an
alarm.
BOSCH ACCELERATION
SENSOR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kfzqZpttTA
MM BULK SILICONE
MM BULK SILICONE:
APPLICATION
Micromechanical bulk silicon acceleration sensors detect the
acceleration signals needed for ABS, ESP and shock absorber
adjustment.
This type of sensor is today predominantly used in the low
acceleration ranges with high demands on signal to noise ratio (< 2
gn)
PIEZO: ACCELERATION
SENSOR
PIEZO: SPRING ELEMENT
PIEZO EFFECTS: BIMORPH
PIEZOELECTRIC:
APPLICATION
Piezoelectric spring elements are used as acceleration sensors in
passenger restraint systems for triggering the seatbelt
pretensioners, the airbags, and the rollover bar.
ACCELERATION SENSOR IN
OCCUPANT PROTECTION
SYSTEMS
Detection of acceleration values for a frontal or lateral impact in
order to trigger:
1. Seat-belt pretensioners.
2. Airbag.
3. Rollover bar
KNOCK SENSOR: VIBRATION
SENSOR
Seismic mass excited by a given oscillation
or vibration exerts a compressive force on
a toroidal piezoceramic element (1)
Happened at the same frequency as the
excitation oscillation.
These forces effect a charge transfer within
the ceramic element.
Electrical voltage is generated between the
top and bottom of the ceramic element
which is picked off via contact washers (5)
KNOCK SENSOR: OUTPUT
CONCLUSION
Piezoelectric and piezoresistive based on monocrystals.
Widely used in triggering occupant protection systems and active
vehicle safety.
Various methods of acceleration measurement due to the
applications demand.